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Table 3 Distribution of patient variables across the three main MTBC lineages in Ghana

From: Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium africanum in Ghana

Risk factor

MAF Lineage 5 (N = 152)

MAF Lineage 6 (N = 112)

MTB (Lineages 1–4) (N = 940)

OR (95 % CI) (Lineage 5 vs. 1–4)

adjOR (95 % CI)a (Lineage 5 vs 1–4)

OR (95 % CI) (Lineage 6 vs 1–4)

adjOR (95 % CI)a (Lineage 6 vs 1–4)

N (%

N (%

N (%

    

Sex

 Male

96 (63.2)

73 (65.2)

662 (70.6)

1.3 (0.97–1.98)

   

 Female

56 (36.8)

39 (34.8)

278 (29.4)

    

Age category

 yr 08–25

28 (18.0)

17 (15.2)

181 (19.4)

1.42 (0.82–2.64)

   

 yr 26–40

62 (41.0)

49 (43.8)

383 (40.6)

0.96 (0.4–1.96)

   

 yr 41–77

62 (41.0)

46 (41.0)

376 (40.0)

1.06 (0.59–1.91)

   

Residency

 North

8 (5.3)

8 (7.1)

82 (9.0)

0.58 (0.27–1.22)

   

 South

144 (94.7)

104 (92.2)

858 (91.0)

ref

   

Occupation

 Skilled

35 (23.0)

24 (21.4)

171 (27.2)

0.9 (0.81–1.0)

   

 Unskilled

117 (77.0)

88 (78.6)

769 (72.8)

ref

   

Income (GHC)

 None

65 (42.7)

43 (38.4)

260 (47.3)

0.8 (0.62–0.98)*

   

 <100

32 (21.1)

16 (14.3)

136 (14.5)

0.91 (0.76–1.0)

   

 100–500

51 (33.5)

45 (40.2)

408 (32.3)

ref

   

 >500

4 (2.6)

8 (7.1)

58 (5.9)

1.3 (0.97–1.98)

   

Smear positivity

 Scanty 1–9

2 (1.3)

0

80 (9.2)

0.6 (0.45–0.72)*

   

 +1

34 (22.6)

18 (16.1)

199 (22.8)

0.78 (0.65–1.80)

   

 +2

37 (24.3)

28 (25.0)

213 (24.6)

0.98 (0.42–1.84)

   

 +3

79 (52.0)

66 (58.9)

352 (40.4)

ref

   

Ethnicity

 Akan

39 (25.7)

78 (69.7)

482 (51.4)

ref

   

 Ewe

58 (38.2)

10 (8.9)

116 (12.6)

3.0 (1.5–4.70)

2.79 (1.47–5.29)**

  

 Ga

47 (30.9)

11 (9.8)

221 (22.6)

 

0.85 (0.43–1.69)

  

 Other

8 (5.3)

13 (11.6)

118 (13.3)

 

1.64 (0.53–5.34)

  

HIV status

 Positive

28 (29.5)

29 (34.9)

96 (18.5)

  

2.4 (1.4–3.90)*

2.2 (1.32–3.70)*

Education

 No Education

50 (32.9)

40 (35.7)

231 (26.5)

0.83 (0.75–1.0)

   

 Primary

21 (13.8)

15 (13.4)

91 (10.4)

0.72 (0.65–1.11)

   

 Secondary

70 (46.1)

47 (42.0)

477 (54.8)

0.96 (0.83–1.30)

   

 Tertiary

11 (7.2)

10 (8.9)

72 (8.3)

    

BCG Scar

 Present

64 (42.1)

46 (41.1)

430 (41.4)

1.1 (0.69–1.7)

   

Smoking

 Yes

25 (16.4)

28 (25.0)

248 (20.6)

0.6 (0.7–1.8)

   
  1. aAll variables with an OR above 1.5 or below 2/3 were included in the multivariable model, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001, MAF = Mycobacterium africanum
  2. MTB mycobacterium tuberculosis sensu stricto