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Table 2 Factors predictive of HIV, herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), and syphilis acquisition among serologically-negative MSM in Bangkok, Thailand (2006–2012)

From: Incidence of and temporal relationships between HIV, herpes simplex II virus, and syphilis among men who have sex with men in Bangkok, Thailand: an observational cohort

 

HIV (n = 1031)a

HSV-2 (n = 961)

Syphilis (n = 970)

Factors

HR (95 % CI)b

AHR (95 % CI)

HR (95 % CI)

AHR (95 % CI)

HR (95 % CI)

AHR (95 % CI)

Age

0.92, 0.89–0.95

0.94, 0.91–0.97

0.97, 0.94–1.01

 

0.96, 0.90–1.01

 

Current living situation

With family

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

With partner

1.25, 0.77–2.05

 

1.23, 0.72–2.12

 

1.86, 0.95–3.66

 

Alone/with roommate

1.52, 1.09–2.13

 

1.26, 0.87–1.84

 

1.20, 0.70–2.07

 

Sexual debut ≥18 years

Yes

0.62, 0.45–0.85

 

0.63, 0.44–0.90

 

0.69, 0.41–1.14

 

No

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Usual sexual position

Insertive

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Receptive/versatile

1.72, 1.23–2.40

 

0.94, 0.66–1.33

 

1.01, 0.62–1.67

 

Ever coerced into sex

Yes

0.67, 0.47–0.97

 

0.89, 0.58–1.38

 

0.63, 0.36–1.12

 

No

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Risk behaviors in the last 12 months:

Used Ecstasy

Yes

2.00, 1.11–3.61

 

1.87, 0.97–3.60

 

1.83, 0.66–5.08

 

No

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Used nitrate inhalants (poppers) 

Yes

2.32, 1.48–3.62

 

1.72, 0.99–2.99

 

2.36, 1.16–4.80

 

No

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Used methamphetamine-type stimulants

Yes

1.71, 1.08–2.72

 

1.73, 1.04–2.89

 

2.26, 1.18–4.33

 

No

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Used drugs to enhance sex

Yes

1.68, 1.14–2.47

 

1.54, 0.99–2.40

 

2.27, 1.28–4.03

1.85, 1.03–3.33

No

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Receptive anal intercourse

Yes

5.70, 3.09–10.5

3.10, 1.66–5.79

1.99, 1.24–3.20

 

1.99, 1.04–3.82

 

No

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Cleansing after anal intercourse

Yes

0.77, 0.70–0.85

0.88, 0.79–0.97

0.95, 0.87–1.03

 

0.94, 0.84–1.05

 

No

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Had >1 steady partner

Yes

1.38, 0.94–2.04

 

2.32, 1.35–3.99

 

2.74, 1.31–5.71

2.10, 1.00–4.41

No

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Casual partner:

0 partner

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

1 partner

1.42, 0.64–3.18

 

1.95, 0.92–4.16

 

1.44, 0.57–3.64

 

2–4 partners

2.48, 1.41–4.34

 

1.31, 0.69–2.47

 

1.33, 0.64–2.77

 

5–7 partners

2.56, 1.42–4.64

 

1.58, 0.83–3.02

 

1.06, 0.45–2.47

 

8–14 partners

2.62, 1.48–4.64

 

1.84, 1.01–3.33

 

1.46, 0.70–3.03

 

Had transgender partner

Yes

0.76, 0.34–1.71

 

2.11, 1.16–3.83

2.07, 1.13–3.77

0.32, 0.04–2.32

 

No

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Had group sex

Yes

1.87, 1.36–2.57

1.51, 1.08–2.10

1.38, 0.95–2.00

 

1.20, 0.70–2.07

 

No

Reference

 

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Was paid for sex

Yes

1.20, 0.78–1.82

 

1.71, 1.12–2.63

 

1.83, 0.96–3.51

 

No

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Consistent condom use:

With steady partner(s)

Yes

0.79, 0.57–1.10

 

1.00, 0.70–1.44

 

1.37, 1.04–1.82

 

No

Reference

 

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With casual partner(s)

Yes

1.11, 0.94–1.31

 

1.19, 0.96–1.48

 

0.85, 0.66–1.11

 

No

Reference

 

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Reference

 

With paid partner (s)

Yes

0.79, 0.61–1.03

 

1.04, 0.81–1.33

 

0.38, 0.17–0.88

0.40, 0.17–0.96

No

Reference

 

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Reference

 

With client partner(s)

Yes

1.04, 0.83–1.32

 

1.31, 1.04–1.65

 

1.34, 0.94–1.89

 

No

Reference

 

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Places meet partners:

On the internet

Yes

1.80, 1.27–2.56

1.56, 1.11–2.19

1.68, 1.13–2.52

 

0.93, 0.54–1.62

 

No

Reference

 

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Sauna

Yes

1.79, 1.35–2.38

 

1.32, 0.90–1.95

 

0.78, 0.46–1.36

 

No

Reference

 

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Disco

Yes

1.95, 1.47–2.57

 

1.50, 1.03–2.20

 

1.02, 0.57–1.82

 

No

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Places for casual sex:

Sauna

Yes

1.66, 1.22–2.26

 

1.58, 1.12–2.23

1.64, 1.14–2.34

0.80, 0.48–1.32

 

No

Reference

 

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Hotel

Yes

1.18, 0.85–1.64

 

1.51, 1.05–2.16

 

1.45, 0.87–2.39

 

No

Reference

 

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Own home

Yes

1.83, 1.34–2.50

 

1.77, 1.24–2.53

1.48, 1.05–2.10

0.89, 0.53–1.47

 

No

Reference

 

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Partner’s home

Yes

1.87, 1.34–2.61

 

1.39, 0.97–1.98

 

1.13, 0.69–1.83

 

No

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Anal discharge

Yes

5.66, 2.31–13.9

4.05, 1.65–9.95

4.57, 1.67–12.5

 

3.53, 0.49–25.3

 

No

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Diagnosed with STI

Yes

1.39, 0.83–2.33

 

2.32, 1.47–3.64

1.72, 1.09–2.70

4.16, 2.31–7.49

2.73, 1.43–5.22

No

Reference

 

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Reference

 

Incident syphilis

Yes

3.54, 1.97–6.36

3.16, 1.73–5.76

4.86, 2.69–8.78

3.49, 1.89–6.42

N/A

 

No

Reference

 

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Incident HSV-2

Yes

1.84, 1.18–2.88

 

N/A

 

3.05, 1.80–5.18

1.93, 1.11–3.36

No

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Incident HIV

Yes

N/A

 

2.59, 1.69–3.95

2.26, 1.47–3.48

6.03, 3.75–9.69

4.41, 2.65–7.35

No

Reference

 

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Reference

 

Prevalent HSV-1

Yes

0.70, 0.51–0.96

0.73, 0.53–0.99

1.49, 1.06–2.08

1.69, 1.20–2.39

0.74, 0.46–1.20

 

No

Reference

 

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Reference

 
  1. AHR adjusted hazard ratio
  2. CI confidence interval
  3. HIV human immunodeficiency virus
  4. HR hazard ratio
  5. HSV-1 herpes simplex virus 1
  6. HSV-2 herpes simplex virus 2
  7. STI sexually transmitted infection
  8. aNumber of participants varies between infections based on the number contributing follow-up data with at least one follow-up test
  9. bOnly factors significant at p < 0.10 are shown in the HR columns, and only factors significant at p < 0.05 are shown in the AHR columns