From: Non-malaria fevers in a high malaria endemic area of Ghana
Risk factor | Â | Respiratory aHR (95Â % CI) | p-value | GI aHR (95Â % CI) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Household factors | |||||
Place of residence | Urban | - | - | - | - |
 | Rural | 0.91 (0.70, 1.17) | 0.442 | 1.02 (0.74, 1.41) | 0.884 |
Household size | <5 | - | - | - | - |
 | 5–9 | 1.02 (0.89, 1.17) | 0.729 | 0.89 (0.76, 1.06) | 0.186 |
 | 10+ | 1.08 (0.85, 1.37) | 0.541 | 1.36 (1.05, 1.77) | 0.021 |
Socio-economic | Least poor | - | - | - | - |
status | Less poor | 1.23 (1.00, 1.51) | 0.050 | 1.38 (1.06, 1.80) | 0.015 |
 | Poor | 1.30 (1.03, 1.65) | 0.027 | 1.28 (0.97, 1.69) | 0.083 |
 | More poor | 1.34 (1.08, 1.66) | 0.008 | 1.47 (1.12, 1.94) | 0.006 |
 | Very poor | 1.15 (0.91, 1.46) | 0.248 | 1.46 (1.10, 1.95) | 0.009 |
Thatched roof | No | - | - | - | - |
 | Yes | 1.05 (0.89, 1.23) | 0.575 | 1.15 (0.96, 1.38) | 0.121 |
Animals in household | No | - | - | - | - |
 | Yes | 0.99 (0.86, 1.14) | 0.908 | 1.13 (0.94, 1.35) | 0.191 |
Distance from health | <1Â km | - | - | - | - |
centre | 1–4.9 km | 0.92 (0.74, 1.15) | 0.464 | 0.90 (0.68, 1.18) | 0.430 |
 | 5–7.9 km | 1.25 (1.04, 1.50) | 0.017 | 1.30 (1.05, 1.61) | 0.015 |
 | ≥8 km | 1.06 (0.82, 1.36) | 0.649 | 1.51 (1.17, 1.94) | 0.001 |
Maternal factors | |||||
Gravidity | Primigravid | - | - | - | - |
 | Multigravid | 1.05 (0.88, 1.24) | 0.592 | 0.83 (0.68, 1.00) | 0.052 |
Number of IPTp | 0 | - | - | - | - |
courses | 1 | 1.14 (0.77, 1.70) | 0.509 | 1.14 (0.70, 1.85) | 0.596 |
 | 2 | 1.12 (0.78, 1.61) | 0.539 | 1.28 (0.82, 2.01) | 0.273 |
 | 3 | 1.31 (0.93, 1.86) | 0.125 | 1.67 (1.08, 2.59) | 0.022 |
Placental infection | Uninfected | - | - | - | - |
 | Infected | 0.95 (0.82, 1.10) | 0.529 | 0.97 (0.82, 1.13) | 0.668 |
Infant factors | |||||
Birth weight | Normal | - | - | - | - |
 | Low birth weight | 1.27 (1.03, 1.57) | 0.025 | 1.22 (0.96, 1.55) | 0.104 |
Sex | Male | - | - | - | - |
 | Female | 0.87 (0.76, 0.98) | 0.027 | 0.98 (0.84, 1.15) | 0.832 |
Season of birth | Dec–Mar | - | - | - | - |
 | Apr–Nov | 1.51 (1.29, 1.76) | <0.001 | 1.54 (1.28, 1.85) | <0.001 |
Bednet use | High | - | - | - | - |
 | Medium | 1.15 (0.98, 1.33) | 0.081 | 0.97 (0.80, 1.17) | 0.724 |
 | Low | 1.11 (0.95, 1.31) | 0.195 | 1.04 (0.87, 1.26) | 0.643 |