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Table 5 Adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for all episodes of fever associated with respiratory or gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms between 0 and 12 months of age

From: Non-malaria fevers in a high malaria endemic area of Ghana

Risk factor

 

Respiratory aHR (95 % CI)

p-value

GI aHR (95 % CI)

p-value

Household factors

Place of residence

Urban

-

-

-

-

 

Rural

0.91 (0.70, 1.17)

0.442

1.02 (0.74, 1.41)

0.884

Household size

<5

-

-

-

-

 

5–9

1.02 (0.89, 1.17)

0.729

0.89 (0.76, 1.06)

0.186

 

10+

1.08 (0.85, 1.37)

0.541

1.36 (1.05, 1.77)

0.021

Socio-economic

Least poor

-

-

-

-

status

Less poor

1.23 (1.00, 1.51)

0.050

1.38 (1.06, 1.80)

0.015

 

Poor

1.30 (1.03, 1.65)

0.027

1.28 (0.97, 1.69)

0.083

 

More poor

1.34 (1.08, 1.66)

0.008

1.47 (1.12, 1.94)

0.006

 

Very poor

1.15 (0.91, 1.46)

0.248

1.46 (1.10, 1.95)

0.009

Thatched roof

No

-

-

-

-

 

Yes

1.05 (0.89, 1.23)

0.575

1.15 (0.96, 1.38)

0.121

Animals in household

No

-

-

-

-

 

Yes

0.99 (0.86, 1.14)

0.908

1.13 (0.94, 1.35)

0.191

Distance from health

<1 km

-

-

-

-

centre

1–4.9 km

0.92 (0.74, 1.15)

0.464

0.90 (0.68, 1.18)

0.430

 

5–7.9 km

1.25 (1.04, 1.50)

0.017

1.30 (1.05, 1.61)

0.015

 

≥8 km

1.06 (0.82, 1.36)

0.649

1.51 (1.17, 1.94)

0.001

Maternal factors

Gravidity

Primigravid

-

-

-

-

 

Multigravid

1.05 (0.88, 1.24)

0.592

0.83 (0.68, 1.00)

0.052

Number of IPTp

0

-

-

-

-

courses

1

1.14 (0.77, 1.70)

0.509

1.14 (0.70, 1.85)

0.596

 

2

1.12 (0.78, 1.61)

0.539

1.28 (0.82, 2.01)

0.273

 

3

1.31 (0.93, 1.86)

0.125

1.67 (1.08, 2.59)

0.022

Placental infection

Uninfected

-

-

-

-

 

Infected

0.95 (0.82, 1.10)

0.529

0.97 (0.82, 1.13)

0.668

Infant factors

Birth weight

Normal

-

-

-

-

 

Low birth weight

1.27 (1.03, 1.57)

0.025

1.22 (0.96, 1.55)

0.104

Sex

Male

-

-

-

-

 

Female

0.87 (0.76, 0.98)

0.027

0.98 (0.84, 1.15)

0.832

Season of birth

Dec–Mar

-

-

-

-

 

Apr–Nov

1.51 (1.29, 1.76)

<0.001

1.54 (1.28, 1.85)

<0.001

Bednet use

High

-

-

-

-

 

Medium

1.15 (0.98, 1.33)

0.081

0.97 (0.80, 1.17)

0.724

 

Low

1.11 (0.95, 1.31)

0.195

1.04 (0.87, 1.26)

0.643