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Table 1 Summary of 38 articles included in the review

From: The incidence, clearance and persistence of non-cervical human papillomavirus infections: a systematic review of the literature

Author, study location (ref)

Study year

Population

Age

Number

Follow-up period (timing of follow-up visits)

Mean or median follow-up

Anatomical site

Outcomes (definition used for any/HR-HPV)c

Tobian, Uganda [19]

2003–2007

HIV + ve/-ve men

15–49

999

2 years (6, 12, 24 m)

Mean 14.4 m

Penile

Inc (TS, total)

Clr (TS)

Kjaer, Denmark [63]

2000–2003

Military servicemen

18–19

374

6 m (6 m)

Range 5.4–7.8 m

Penile

Inc (NTS)

Backes, Kenya [17]

2002–2005

Uncircumcised men

17–24

966

1 year (6, 12 m)

Median 12.1 m

Penile

Inc (NTS, first)

Mbulawa, South Africa [22]

Not reported

HIV + ve/-ve men

19–67

486

2 years (6, 12, 18, 24 m)

-

Penile

Inc (TS, first)

Clr (TS)a

Videla, Spain [23]

2005–2009

HIV + ve men

20- > 69

733

5 years (annual)

Median 24 m

Penile, anal, oral

Inc (NTS, first)

Clr (NTS)

Wikström A, Sweden [21]

Not reported

MSW, sexually active without clinical HPV

18–54

235

(1–5 visits)

Mean 3.5 m between visits

Penile

Inc (TS)

Clr/Pers (TS)

Gray, Uganda [18]

2003–2006

HIV-ve married men

15–49

840

24 m (6, 12, 24 m)

-

Penile

Inc

Clr

Serwadda, Uganda [16]

2003–2007

HIV + ve men

15–49

210

24 m (24 m)

-

Penile

Inc (TS)

Clr

Grabowski, Uganda [24]

2003–2007

HIV + ve/-ve men

15–49

936

24 m (6, 12, 24 m)

-

Penile

Pers (TS)

Giuliano, Brazil, Mexico, USA [53]

2005–2009

HIV-ve men

18–70

1159

4 years (every 6 m)

Median 27.5 m

Penile

Inc (NTS, first)

Clr (TS)

Darwich, Spain [20]

2005–2009

HIV + ve men

20- > 69

606

5 years (annual)

Median 24 m

Penile, anal

Incb

Clr

de Pokomandy, Canada [38]

2002–2007

HIV + ve MSM

21–66

247

3 years (every 6 m)

Mean 30.8 m

Anal

Inc

Clr

Nyitray, Brazil, Mexico, USA [35]

2005–2009

Men

18–70

MSM:156

MSW:954

6 m (6 m)

Median 6.7 m

Anal

Inc (TS)

Clr (TS)

Pers (TS)

Goodman, Hawaii, USA [36]

1998–2003

Sexually active women

18–85

431

5 years (every 4 m)

Mean 16 m

Anal

Inc (NTS, first)

Clr (TS)

Shvetsov, Hawaii [39]

1998–2003

Sexually active women

18–85

431

5 years (every 4 m)

Mean 16 m

Anal

Clr (TS)

Moscicki, USA [40]

1990- > 2004

Sexually active women

13–21

75

3–9.5 years (every 4 m)

Mean 84.5 m

Anal

Clr (TS, 2+ neg)

Mullins, USA [37]

1996–2001

HIV + ve and HIV-ve at risk

12–18

496

6 years (annual)

Mean 22.4 m

Anal

Inc (NTS, first)

Glick, USA [33]

2009–2010

MSM

16–30

94

1 year (every 6 m)

-

Anal

Inc (NTS, unclear)

Clr (TS)

Hernandez, USA [34]

1998–2000

HIV + ve MSM

Mean 45

369

2 years (every 6 m)

-

Anal

Inc (TS, total)

Lu, Arizona USA [31]

2003–2005

Men

18–44

285

2 years (every 6 m)

Median 15.5 m

Male genital (shaft, coronal sulcus, glans, scrotum)

Inc (TS, total)

Clr (TS)

Hernandez, Hawaii [59]

2004–2006

Circ, UnC men

18–79

357

2.5 years (every 2 m)

Mean 14 m

Male genital (coronal sulcus, glans, shaft, scrotum)

Clr (TS, 2+ neg)

Giuliano, Arizona USA [25]

2003–2005

Men

18–44

290

2 years (every 6 m)

Mean 15.5 m

Male genital (coronal sulcus, glans, shaft, scrotum)

Inc (NTS, first & total)

Pers (NTS)

Clr (NTS)

Morales, Mexico [26]

2003–2004

MSW

Median 36

351

3 years (every 4 m)

Median 19.8 m

Male genital (scrotum, shaft, balano-preputial groove, urinary meatus)

Inc (NTS, unclear)

Clr (TS)

Partridge, USA [29]

2003–2006

MSW university students

18–20

240

3 years (every 4 m)

Median 12.9 m

Male genital (glans &urethral meatus, shaft, scrotum)

Inc (NTS, first)

Lajous, Mexio [27]

2000–2003

Male soldiers

16–40

336

1 year (1 year)

-

Male genital (shaft, coronal sulcus, scrotum urethral meatus)

Inc (NTS)

Clr (TS)

Pers (TS)

Albero, Brazil, Mexico, USA [28]

2005–2009

HIV-ve men

18–70

4033

4 years (every 6 m)

Median 17.5 m

Male genital (shaft, coronal sulcus, glans, scrotum)

Inc (NTS, first)

Clr (TS, 2+ neg)

Winer, USA [43]

1990–2000

Female university students

18–20

444

10 year (every 4 m)

Mean 41.2 m

Vulvovaginal

Inc (NTS, first)

Edelstein, USA [45]

2008–2010

Male university students

Median 20

212

1.5 years (every 4 m)

Median 10.7 m

Oral (rinse/OP swab)

Inc (NTS, first)

Kero, Finland [48]

Not reported

Male partners of pregnant women

19–46

131

7 years (2, 6, 12, 24, 36 m & 7 years)

Mean at visit 1: 1.8 m, visit 2: 5.9 m,

visit 3: 12.1 m,

visit 4: 24.7 m,

visit 5: 36.8 m,

visit 6: 77.0 m

Oral (scraping)

Inc

Kero, Finland [30]

2006–2008

Pregnant women and their male partners

Women: 19–46

Men: 20–52

46 women, 46 men

7 years (7 years)

-

Oral (scraping), male genital (penis/urethra)

Inc (NTS)

Clr (TS)

Kero, Finland [46]

Not reported

Males partners of pregnant women

20–52

129 men

7 years (2, 6, 12, 24, 36, 7 years)

Mean in 74 HPV + ve 43.8 m

Oral (scraping)

Inc (NTS, first)

Clr (TS)

Louvanto, Finland [51]

Not reported

Women with persistent cervical HPV (≥24 months) and HPV-ve controls

Mean 25.2–26.4

43 cases

52 controls

6 years (possibly annual)

Mean 65.2 m (cases)

38.4 m (controls)

Oral (scraping)

Clr(TS)

Rintala, Finland [50]

2006–2008

Pregnant women and their male partners

Women: 19–46

Men: 20–52

331 women, 131 men

2 years (2, 6, 12, 24 m)

Mean 26.9 m (women)

25.9 m (men)

Oral (scraping)

Inc (NTS, first)

Clr (NTS)

Pickard, USA [49]

2009–2010

University students

18–30

1000

3 m (3 m)

-

Oral (rinse)

Inc (TS)

Clr (TS)

Pers (TS)

D’Souza, USA [15]

2004–2005

HIV + ve and high-risk HIV-ve adult women

Not reported

199

6 m (6 m)

-

Oral (rinse)

Inc (TS)

Clr (NTS)

Kurose, Japan [52]

2000–2002

Healthy volunteers

3–85

662

2.5 years (2.5 years)

-

Oral (scraping)

Clr (TS)

Pers (TS)

Darwich, Spain [47]

2005–2009

HIV + ve men

Median 41

733

5 years (annual)

Median 24 m

Oral (scraping/rinse)

Clr (TS)

Kreimer, Brazil, Mexico, USA [44]

2007–2009

HIV-ve men

18–70

1626

4 years (every 6 m)

Median 12.7 m

Oral (rinse)

Inc (NTS, first)

Clr (TS)

  1. Abbreviations: IQR interquartile range, MSM men who have sex with men, MSW men who have sex with women, Inc incidence, Clr clearance, Pers persistence, Circ circumcised, UnC uncircumcised, OP oropharyngeal
  2. aIf HPV types present-negative-present in sequential visits then negative result was considered false
  3. bIn calculation of incidence of individual HPV types, subjects were required to be negative for any HPV DNA at baseline at not just negative for that type
  4. cDefinitions for Any or Any HR-HPV infections: TS type specific. For incidence, defined as a positive test for at least one HPV type or HR type not detected at baseline (or other previous visit). For clearance, defined as a negative test for all HPV types or HR-HPV types detected at baseline or newly detected during follow-up. NTS non-type-specific. For incidence, defined as testing negative for any HPV DNA or any HR HPV DNA at baseline. For clearance, defined as at least one negative test for any HPV DNA or any HR-HPV DNA following a positive test at baseline or during follow-up. 2+ neg 2+ negative test results required to define an infection as having cleared. first subjects censored at time of first positive test. total subjects not censored and each visit where new type(s) detected counted as event. unclear unclear if incidence based on firstacquired or total-acquired