Variablesa | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | Ptrend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Unweighted sample, n |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Overallb | 2827 | 2783 | 2996 | 3381 | 3438 | 3442 | 3393 |  |
   Subgroup with vasopressor use | 484 | 523 | 545 | 518 | 559 | 645 | 607 |  |
   Subgroup without vasopressor use | 2343 | 2260 | 2451 | 2863 | 2879 | 2797 | 2786 |  |
 Weighted sample, n |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Overall | 13946 | 13628 | 14861 | 16563 | 17239 | 17292 | 16283 |  |
   Subgroup with vasopressor use | 2392 | 2566 | 2664 | 2494 | 2789 | 3293 | 2910 |  |
   Subgroup without vasopressor use | 11554 | 11062 | 12198 | 14069 | 14450 | 13999 | 13373 |  |
 Age, y |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  18–29 | 2 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 2 (2–3) | 2 (2–3) | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–2) | 0.46 |
  30–39 | 3 (2–4) | 3 (3–4) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–3) | 0.26 |
  40–49 | 7 (6–9) | 8 (7–9) | 9 (8–10) | 8 (7–9) | 7 (6–8) | 8 (7–9) | 7 (6–8) | 0.26 |
  50–59 | 15 (13–17) | 16 (14–18) | 14 (13–16) | 16 (14–17) | 17 (15–18) | 15 (13–16) | 16 (14–18) | 0.58 |
  60–69 | 19 (17–21) | 19 (17–21) | 20 (18–22) | 21 (19–23) | 21 (20–23) | 22 (20–24) | 24 (22–26) | <0.001 |
  70–79 | 25 (23–28) | 24 (22–27) | 25 (22–27) | 24 (22–26) | 24 (22–26) | 24 (22–27) | 23 (20–25) | 0.02 |
  80–89 | 23 (20–26) | 22 (20–25) | 21 (19–24) | 22 (19–24) | 22 (20–24) | 21 (19–23) | 21 (19–23) | 0.03 |
   ≥ 90 | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–5) | 0.70 |
 Male sex | 49 (49–49) | 49 (49–49) | 50 (50–50) | 50 (50–50) | 50 (50–50) | 50 (50–50) | 50 (50–50) | 0.09 |
 Race/ethnicity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Non-Hispanic white | 61 (54–69) | 54 (48–60) | 54 (48–60) | 57 (52–63) | 63 (57–69) | 64 (58–70) | 65 (59–71) | <0.001 |
  Non-Hispanic black | 7 (6–9) | 10 (8–12) | 9 (6–12) | 9 (7–11) | 8 (7–10) | 12 (9–12) | 11 (9–13) | 0.001 |
  Hispanic | 7 (5–9) | 10 (8–13) | 9 (6–11) | 8 (6–10) | 9 (7–11) | 10 (8–12) | 10 (8–13) | 0.09 |
  Asian/native/other | 4 (3–5) | 5 (4–6) | 6 (5–7) | 6 (5–7) | 6 (5–8) | 6 (4–7) | 6 (5–7) | 0.10 |
  Unknown | 20 (16–24) | 21 (17–26) | 22 (18–26) | 20 (15–24) | 14 (9–18) | 9 (6–11) | 8 (5–11) | <0.001 |
 Primary health insurance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Medicare | 66 (60–72) | 65 (60–71) | 65 (59–70) | 64 (59–69) | 65 (60–69) | 64 (59–69) | 64 (60–69) | 0.34 |
  Medicaid | 10 (08–12) | 10 (08–12) | 09 (07–11) | 11 (09–12) | 10 (08–11) | 11 (09–13) | 11 (09–12) | 0.39 |
  Private | 19 (17–21) | 18 (16–20) | 20 (18–23) | 20 (17–22) | 20 (17–22) | 18 (16–21) | 19 (17–21) | 1.00 |
  Self-pay | 4 (3–5) | 4 (3–5) | 3 (3–4) | 3 (3–4) | 4 (3–5) | 4 (3–5) | 3 (2–4) | 0.63 |
  Other | 2 (1–2) | 3 (2–4) | 2 (2–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–4) | 0.14 |
 Estimated median household income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  0–25 percentile | 27 (23–30) | 28 (23–32) | 29 (25–34) | 28 (25–32) | 28 (25–32) | 30 (26–34) | 29 (25–32) | 0.23 |
  26–50 percentile | 26 (23–30) | 25 (22–28) | 25 (22–28) | 26 (23–28) | 25 (22–28) | 25 (22–27) | 24 (21–27) | 0.27 |
  51–75 percentile | 24 (21–27) | 24 (21–27) | 23 (21–26) | 22 (19–25) | 23 (21–26) | 24 (21–26) | 27 (24–30) | 0.11 |
  76–100 percentile | 23 (19–28) | 23 (19–27) | 22 (19–25) | 24 (20–28) | 23 (20–27) | 22 (19–25) | 20 (17–23) | 0.23 |
 Selected comorbidities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Congestive heart failure | 30 (28–33) | 31 (29–33) | 31 (29–33) | 26 (24–28) | 28 (26–30) | 28 (26–29) | 31 (29–33) | 0.11 |
  Pulmonary circulation disorders | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) | 5 (4–6) | 6 (5–7) | 7 (6–8) | 7 (6–8) | 8 (7–9) | <0.001 |
  Diabetes, uncomplicated | 15 (13–17) | 16 (15–18) | 18 (16–19) | 19 (17–20) | 19 (18–21) | 18 (16–19) | 21 (19–22) | <0.001 |
  Liver disease | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–6) | 6 (5–7) | 6 (5–7) | 7 (6–8) | 0.002 |
  Renal failure | 14 (13–16) | 20 (19–22) | 21 (20–23) | 21 (19–23) | 23 (21–24) | 22 (20–23) | 24 (22–26) | <0.001 |
  Solid tumor without metastasis | 4 (4–5) | 3 (3–4) | 4 (4–5) | 4 (3–5) | 5 (4–5) | 5 (4–5) | 5 (5–6) | 0.006 |
Hospital characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Region |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Northeast | 29 (23–35) | 26 (22–31) | 24 (20–27) | 22 (18–25) | 20 (17–24) | 22 (18–26) | 20 (16–24) | 0.03 |
  Midwest | 21 (18–25) | 21 (17–25) | 21 (17–25) | 25 (21–28) | 25 (21–30) | 22 (18–27) | 23 (19–28) | 0.37 |
  South | 30 (26–34) | 31 (27–34) | 31 (27–35) | 32 (28–36) | 32 (29–35) | 37 (32–41) | 37 (33–42) | 0.02 |
  West | 19 (16–22) | 22 (19–26) | 24 (20–28) | 21 (18–25) | 23 (19–26) | 19 (16–22) | 19 (16–22) | 0.53 |
 Location/teaching status |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Rural | 11 (9–13) | 8 (7–10) | 10 (8–13) | 8 (7–9) | 9 (7–11) | 9 (7–12) | 9 (7–12) | 0.45 |
  Urban nonteaching | 47 (41–53) | 42 (37–46) | 43 (38–47) | 43 (38–47) | 45 (40–49) | 43 (39–47) | 43 (38–47) | 0.47 |
  Urban teaching | 41 (35–47) | 50 (44–56) | 47 (41–53) | 49 (44–55) | 46 (41–52) | 48 (41–54) | 48 (42–54) | 0.57 |
 Hospital control/ownership |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Government | 27 (23–30) | 28 (23–32) | 29 (25–34) | 28 (25–32) | 28 (25–32) | 30 (26–34) | 29 (25–32) | 0.97 |
  Private, non-profit | 26 (23–30) | 25 (22–28) | 25 (22–28) | 26 (23–28) | 25 (22–28) | 25 (22–27) | 24 (21–27) | 0.18 |
  Private, invest-own | 24 (21–27) | 24 (21–27) | 23 (21–26) | 22 (19–25) | 23 (21–26) | 24 (21–26) | 27 (24–30) | 0.02 |
  Others | 23 (19–28) | 23 (19–27) | 22 (19–25) | 24 (20–28) | 23 (20–27) | 22 (19–25) | 20 (17–23) | 0.53 |