Table 5 Results of final combined logistic regression analysis showing risk factors found associated with Q fever seropositivity in febrile patients, northeastern Kenya

Age Groups (years)

<19

Ref

-

Ref

-

>19–29

0.70 (0.37–1.35)

0.282

1.16 (0.63–3.92)

0.178

30–39

1.52 (0.86–2.65)

0.145

1.86 (0.55–8.26)

0.433

40–49

1.73 (0.97–3.10)

0.063

2.03 (0.87–4.38)

0.609

>50

1.28 (0.66–2.48)

0.458

1.21 (0.51–2.97)

0.124

Gender

Female

Ref

-

-

-

Male

0.95 (0.68–1.31)

0.736

Residence county

Garissa

Ref

-

-

Wajir

1.09 (0.78–1.51)

0.607

Higher education

Yes

Ref

-

Ref

-

No

0.39 (0.17–0.81)

<0.001

0.71 (0.24–0.96)

0.038

Ethnicity

Other

Ref

-

-

-

Somali

1.92 (1.29–3.76)

0.004

Zoonosis knowledge

No

Ref

-

-

Yes

0.78 (0.36–0.99)

0.025

Occupation

Others

Ref

-

-

-

Livestock trader

4.09 (1.26–13.27)

0.019

Student

1.05 (0.26–4.14)

0.941

General merchandise

1.06 (0.28–3.96)

0.932

Civil servant

0.81 (0.39–2.76)

0.739

Herder

2.96 (1.15–8.34)

0.041

Animal Contact

Cattle

No

Ref

-

Ref

-

Yes

2.65 (1.89–3.72)

<0.001

2.09 (1.73–5.98)

0.004

Goats

No

Ref

-

Ref

-

Yes

4.82 (2.89–8.26)

0.003

3.74 (2.52–9.40)

0.006

Frequent slaughter of animals

No

Ref

-

Ref

-

Yes

3.44 (2.46–6.67)

<0.001

1.78 (1.09–2.91)

0.021

Contact with birth products^a

Ref

-

-

-

1.43 (0.94–2.19)

0.089

Frequent handling of raw milk

Ref

-

-

-

1.55 (1.10–2.18)

0.011

Frequently graze animals

Ref

-

-

-

1.98 (1.34–2.92)

0.030

Dietary contact

Frequent consumption of raw cattle milk

No

Ref

-

Ref

-

Yes

6.43 (4.52–9.14)

<0.001

2.49 (1.48–4.21)

0.001

Frequent consumption of locally fermented products

No

Ref

-

Ref

-

Yes

3.81 (2.73–5.36)

<0.001

1.66 (1.19–4.37)

0.014

Frequent consumption of raw goat milk

No

Ref

-

-

-

Yes

1.77 (1.20–2.61)

0.004

ALRI

No

Ref

-

Ref

-

Yes

3.61 (2.39–5.44)

<0.001

2.41 (1.53–6.36)

<0.001

Clinical

Abdominal pain

No

Ref

-

Ref

-

Yes

1.57 (1.01–2.42)

0.004

1.95 (1.08–3.58)

0.019

Diarrhoea

No

Ref

-

Ref

-

Yes

0.60 (0.28–1.29)

0.042

0.63 (0.38–1.00)

0.047

Fever onset (>14 days)

No

Ref

- < 0.001

Ref

-

Yes

41.52 (19.78–87.22)

36.35 (19.84–69.49)

<0.001

H-L test

0.412

ROC (AUC)

0.718 (0.673–0.784)

<0.001