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Table 2 Prevalence ratios (PR) for human papillomavirus (HPV) positivity and corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) according to selected characteristics among 2508 women. Rwanda, 2013–2014

From: Human papillomavirus infection in Rwanda at the moment of implementation of a national HPV vaccination programme

Characteristic

N women a

HPV-positive (%)

Adjusted b PR

95 % CI

Adjusted c PR

95 % CI

Age-group (years)

      

  ≤ 24

1179

500 (42.4)

1

-

1

-

 25–34

519

170 (32.8)

0.77

0.67–0.89

0.71

0.62–0.82

 35–44

406

101 (24.9)

0.59

0.49–0.70

0.52

0.44–0.63

  ≥ 45

404

86 (21.3)

0.50

0.41–0.61

0.45

0.37–0.55

Chi 2 (1) for trend

  

p <0.001

 

p <0.001

 

Education (Years)

      

 Non-literate 0–5

325

122 (37.5)

1

-

1

-

 Literate 0–5

640

226 (35.3)

0.86

0.73–1.03

0.97

0.82–1.14

 Literate 6–10

1123

383 (34.1)

0.88

0.75–1.03

1.00

0.86–1.17

 Literate ≥11

420

126 (30.0)

0.85

0.70–1.04

0.99

0.82–1.20

Chi 2 (1) for trend

  

p =0.199

 

p =0.849

 

Occupation

      

 Housewife

964

366 (38.0)

1

-

1

-

 Shopkeeper/salesman

391

154 (39.4)

1.13

0.98–1.31

1.03

0.90–1.18

 Manual worker

400

132 (33.0)

0.90

0.77–1.06

0.92

0.79–1.08

 Teacher/health worker/Student/Clerical staff

188

56 (29.8)

0.93

0.73–1.17

0.92

0.73–1.15

 Farmer

532

134 (25.2)

0.72

0.61–0.85

0.78

0.66–0.92

Tobacco use

      

 Never

2276

766 (33.7)

1

-

1

-

 Ever

230

91 (39.6)

1.45

1.23–1.71

1.13

0.96–1.32

Marital status

      

 Married or cohabiting

1734

533 (30.7)

1

-

1

-

 Single

444

212 (47.8)

1.35

1.20–1.53

1.16

1.02–1.30

 Separated/widowed

330

112 (33.9)

1.38

1.17–1.63

1.16

0.98–1.37

Lifetime sexual partnersd

      

 1

1131

294 (26.0)

1

-

1

-

 2

701

263 (37.5)

1.45

1.26–1.65

1.37

1.20–1.56

 3

281

128 (45.6)

} 1.84e

1.62–2.10

1.53e

1.33–1.77

  ≥ 4

248

116 (46.8)

Chi 2 (1) for trend

  

p <0.001

 

p <0.001

 

Sexual activity in the last year

      

 Yes

2189

766 (35.0)

1

-

1

-

 No

299

84 (28.1)

1.07

0.87–1.30

0.93

0.77–1.14

History of receiving cash for sexd

      

 Never

2333

769 (33.0)

1

-

1

-

 Ever

154

85 (55.2)

1.59

1.37–1.84

1.14

0.98–1.33

Evidence of anogenital warts

      

 No

2395

814 (34.0)

1

-

1

-

 Yes

113

43 (38.1)

1.35

1.07–1.72

1.09

0.88–1.35

HIV status

      

 Negative

1414

450 (31.8)

1

-

1

-

 Unknown

604

166 (27.5)

1.01

0.87–1.18

1.02

0.87–1.18

 Positive

490

241 (49.2)

1.84

1.65–2.06

1.54

1.36–1.75

Number of pregnancies

      

 Nulliparous

237

101 (42.6)

1.15

0.97–1.36

0.99

0.85–1.15

 1

804

327 (40.7)

1

-

1

-

 2-3

840

285 (33.9)

0.94

0.83–1.08

0.85

0.75–0.97

  ≥ 4

616

141 (22.9)

0.85

0.67–1.06

0.78

0.63–0.97

Chi 2 (1) for trend

  

p =0.010

 

p =0.006

 

Contraceptive use in the last year

      

 No

1146

422 (36.8)

1

-

1

-

 Yes

1359

432 (31.8)

0.80

0.72–0.89

0.82

0.74–0.91

 Hormonal

1005

339 (33.7)

0.82

0.73–0.92

0.84

0.75–0.96

 Intra Uterine Device

185

54 (29.2)

0.79

0.62–1.00

0.79

0.62–1.00

 Condom

72

25 (34.7)

0.92

0.67–1.27

0.86

0.64–1.16

 Other/two or more of above

97

14 (14.4)

0.48

0.29–0.78

0.45

0.26–0.78

  1. aSome figures do not add up to the total due to missing values
  2. bAdjusted for age as appropriate
  3. cAdjusted for age, HIV status and lifetime sexual partners as appropriate
  4. dthree virgins excluded
  5. ePR ratio is calculated for “three lifetime sexual partners or more”