Characteristic | N women a | HPV-positive (%) | Adjusted b PR | 95 % CI | Adjusted c PR | 95 % CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age-group (years) | ||||||
≤ 24 | 1179 | 500 (42.4) | 1 | - | 1 | - |
25–34 | 519 | 170 (32.8) | 0.77 | 0.67–0.89 | 0.71 | 0.62–0.82 |
35–44 | 406 | 101 (24.9) | 0.59 | 0.49–0.70 | 0.52 | 0.44–0.63 |
≥ 45 | 404 | 86 (21.3) | 0.50 | 0.41–0.61 | 0.45 | 0.37–0.55 |
Chi 2 (1) for trend | p <0.001 | p <0.001 | ||||
Education (Years) | ||||||
Non-literate 0–5 | 325 | 122 (37.5) | 1 | - | 1 | - |
Literate 0–5 | 640 | 226 (35.3) | 0.86 | 0.73–1.03 | 0.97 | 0.82–1.14 |
Literate 6–10 | 1123 | 383 (34.1) | 0.88 | 0.75–1.03 | 1.00 | 0.86–1.17 |
Literate ≥11 | 420 | 126 (30.0) | 0.85 | 0.70–1.04 | 0.99 | 0.82–1.20 |
Chi 2 (1) for trend | p =0.199 | p =0.849 | ||||
Occupation | ||||||
Housewife | 964 | 366 (38.0) | 1 | - | 1 | - |
Shopkeeper/salesman | 391 | 154 (39.4) | 1.13 | 0.98–1.31 | 1.03 | 0.90–1.18 |
Manual worker | 400 | 132 (33.0) | 0.90 | 0.77–1.06 | 0.92 | 0.79–1.08 |
Teacher/health worker/Student/Clerical staff | 188 | 56 (29.8) | 0.93 | 0.73–1.17 | 0.92 | 0.73–1.15 |
Farmer | 532 | 134 (25.2) | 0.72 | 0.61–0.85 | 0.78 | 0.66–0.92 |
Tobacco use | ||||||
Never | 2276 | 766 (33.7) | 1 | - | 1 | - |
Ever | 230 | 91 (39.6) | 1.45 | 1.23–1.71 | 1.13 | 0.96–1.32 |
Marital status | ||||||
Married or cohabiting | 1734 | 533 (30.7) | 1 | - | 1 | - |
Single | 444 | 212 (47.8) | 1.35 | 1.20–1.53 | 1.16 | 1.02–1.30 |
Separated/widowed | 330 | 112 (33.9) | 1.38 | 1.17–1.63 | 1.16 | 0.98–1.37 |
Lifetime sexual partnersd | ||||||
1 | 1131 | 294 (26.0) | 1 | - | 1 | - |
2 | 701 | 263 (37.5) | 1.45 | 1.26–1.65 | 1.37 | 1.20–1.56 |
3 | 281 | 128 (45.6) | } 1.84e | 1.62–2.10 | 1.53e | 1.33–1.77 |
≥ 4 | 248 | 116 (46.8) | ||||
Chi 2 (1) for trend | p <0.001 | p <0.001 | ||||
Sexual activity in the last year | ||||||
Yes | 2189 | 766 (35.0) | 1 | - | 1 | - |
No | 299 | 84 (28.1) | 1.07 | 0.87–1.30 | 0.93 | 0.77–1.14 |
History of receiving cash for sexd | ||||||
Never | 2333 | 769 (33.0) | 1 | - | 1 | - |
Ever | 154 | 85 (55.2) | 1.59 | 1.37–1.84 | 1.14 | 0.98–1.33 |
Evidence of anogenital warts | ||||||
No | 2395 | 814 (34.0) | 1 | - | 1 | - |
Yes | 113 | 43 (38.1) | 1.35 | 1.07–1.72 | 1.09 | 0.88–1.35 |
HIV status | ||||||
Negative | 1414 | 450 (31.8) | 1 | - | 1 | - |
Unknown | 604 | 166 (27.5) | 1.01 | 0.87–1.18 | 1.02 | 0.87–1.18 |
Positive | 490 | 241 (49.2) | 1.84 | 1.65–2.06 | 1.54 | 1.36–1.75 |
Number of pregnancies | ||||||
Nulliparous | 237 | 101 (42.6) | 1.15 | 0.97–1.36 | 0.99 | 0.85–1.15 |
1 | 804 | 327 (40.7) | 1 | - | 1 | - |
2-3 | 840 | 285 (33.9) | 0.94 | 0.83–1.08 | 0.85 | 0.75–0.97 |
≥ 4 | 616 | 141 (22.9) | 0.85 | 0.67–1.06 | 0.78 | 0.63–0.97 |
Chi 2 (1) for trend | p =0.010 | p =0.006 | ||||
Contraceptive use in the last year | ||||||
No | 1146 | 422 (36.8) | 1 | - | 1 | - |
Yes | 1359 | 432 (31.8) | 0.80 | 0.72–0.89 | 0.82 | 0.74–0.91 |
Hormonal | 1005 | 339 (33.7) | 0.82 | 0.73–0.92 | 0.84 | 0.75–0.96 |
Intra Uterine Device | 185 | 54 (29.2) | 0.79 | 0.62–1.00 | 0.79 | 0.62–1.00 |
Condom | 72 | 25 (34.7) | 0.92 | 0.67–1.27 | 0.86 | 0.64–1.16 |
Other/two or more of above | 97 | 14 (14.4) | 0.48 | 0.29–0.78 | 0.45 | 0.26–0.78 |