Table 4 Sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of signs, symptoms and case definitions

All under 5

n

%

n

%

Cough

453

96.4

3023

90.5

96.4(94.7,98.1)

9.5(8.5,10.5)

13.0(11.9,14.2)

94.9(92.6,97.3)

Difficulty breathing

291

61.9

1715

51.3

61.9(57.5,66.3)

48.7(47.0,50.4)

14.5(13.0,16.1)

90.1(88.7,91.5)

Night sweats

337

71.7

2224

66.6

71.7(67.6,75.8)

33.4(31.8,35.0)

13.2(11.9,14.5)

89.4(87.6,91.1)

Tachypnea

288

61.3

1948

58.3

61.3(56.9,65.7)

41.7(40.0,43.4)

12.9(11.5,14.3)

88.4(86.9,90.0)

Hypoxia

121

25.9

507

15.2

25.9(21.9,29.8)

84.8(83.5,86.0)

19.3(16.2,22.4)

89.1(88.0,90.1)

Wheeze

125

26.6

569

17.0

26.6(22.6,30.6)

83.0(81.7,84.2)

18.0(15.2,20.9)

88.9(87.8,90.0)

Stridor

36

7.7

142

4.3

7.7(5.3,10.1)

95.8(95.1,96.4)

20.2(14.3,26.1)

88.1(87.0,89.1)

Nasal flaring

146

31.1

739

22.1

31.1(26.9,35.3)

77.9(76.5,79.3)

16.5(14.1,18.9)

88.9(87.8,90.1)

Chest In-drawing

145

30.9

699

20.9

30.9(26.7,35.0)

79.1(77.7,80.5)

17.2(14.6,19.7)

89.0(87.9,90.2)

SARI

389

82.8

2579

77.2

82.8(79.4,86.2)

22.8(21.4,24.2)

13.1(11.9,14.3)

90.4(88.4,92.4)

hILI

112

23.8

678

20.3

23.8(20.0,27.7)

79.7(78.3,81.1)

14.2(11.7,16.6)

88.2(87.0,89.3)

IMCI Non-severe pneumonia

95

20.2

777

23.3

20.2(16.6,23.8)

76.7(75.3,78.2)

10.9(8.8,13.0)

87.2(86.0,88.4)

IMCI severe pneumonia

71

15.1

310

9.3

15.1(11.9,18.3)

90.7(89.7,91.7)

18.6(14.7,22.6)

88.4(87.3,89.4)

IMCI very severe pneumonia

236

50.2

1719

51.5

50.2(45.7,54.7)

48.5(46.8,50.2)

12.1(10.6,13.5)

87.4(85.9,88.9)

Cough or difficulty breathing plus hypoxia, chest in-drawing or wheeze

257

54.7

1316

39.4

54.7(50.2,59.2)

60.1(58.9,62.3)

16.3(14.5,18.2)

90.5(89.3,91.7)

Children < 1 years

n

238

1518

Cough

232

97.5

1373

90.4

97.5(95.5,99.5)

9.6(8.1,11.0)

14.5(12.7,16.2)

96.0(92.9,99.1)

Difficulty breathing

166

69.8

863

56.8

69.8(63.9,75.6)^a

43.2(40.7,45.6)^a

16.1(13.9,18.4)

90.1(87.9,92.3)

SARI

189

79.4

1175

77.4

79.4(74.3,84.6)

22.6(20.5,24.7)

13.9(12.0,15.7)

87.5(84.2,90.8)

hILI

52

21.9

307

20.2

21.9(16.6,27.1)

79.8(77.8,81.8)

14.5(10.8,18.1)

86.7(84.9,89.5)

IMCI Non-severe pneumonia

34

14.3

312

20.6

14.3(9.8,18.7)^a

79.5(77.4,81.5)^a

9.8(6.7,13.0)

85.5(83.7,87.4)

IMCI severe pneumonia

46

19.3

175

11.5

19.3(14.3,24.3)^a

88.5(86.9,90.1)^a

20.8(15.5,26.2)

87.5(85.8,89.2)

IMCI very severe pneumonia

117

49.2

726

47.8

49.2(42.8,55.5)

52.2(49.7,54.7)

13.9(11.6,16.2)

86.8(84.6,89.0)

Cough or difficulty breathing plus hypoxia, chest in-drawing or wheeze

157

66.0

698

46.0

66.0(60.0,72.0)^a

54.0(51.5,56.5)^a

18.4(15.8,21.0)

91.0(89.1,92.9)

Children 1- < 5 years

n

232

1822

Cough

221

95.3

1650

90.6

95.3(92.5,98.0)

9.4(8.1,10.8)

11.8(10.4,13.3)

94.0(90.6,97.4)

Difficulty breathing

125

53.9

852

46.8

53.9(47.5,60.3)^a

53.2(51.0,55.5)^a

12.8(10.7,14.9)

90.0(88.3,91.9)

SARI

200

86.2

1404

77.1

86.2(81.8,90.6)

22.9(21.0,24.9)

12.5(10.9,14.1)

92.9(90.5,95.3)

hILI

60

25.9

371

20.4

25.9(20.2,31.5)

79.6(77.8,81.5)

13.9(10.7,17.2)

89.4(87.9,90.9)

IMCI Non-severe pneumonia

61

26.3

465

25.5

26.3(20.6,32.0)^a

74.5(72.5,76.5)^a

11.6(8.9,14.3)

88.8(87.2,90.4)

IMCI severe pneumonia

25

10.8

135

7.4

10.8(6.8,14.8)^a

92.6(91.4,93.8)^a

15.6(10.0,21.3)

89.1(87.7,90.5)

IMCI very severe pneumonia

119

51.3

993

54.5

51.3(44.9,57.7)

45.5(43.2,47.8)

10.7(8.9,12.5)

88.0(85.9,90.1)

Cough or difficulty breathing plus hypoxia, chest in-drawing or wheeze

100

43.1

618

33.9

43.1(36.7,495)^a

66.1(63.9,68.3)^a

13.9(11.4,16.5)

90.1(88.5,91.7)