Table 1 Characteristics of studies that reporting chikungunya-dengue co-infection
From: Co-distribution and co-infection of chikungunya and dengue viruses
Location | Year | Study type | DENV+ and/or CHIKV+ cases | Co-infection cases | Co-infection prevalence (%) | Strains CHIKV/DENV | Vector | Laboratory method for CHIKV/DENV detection | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa Region | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
 Angola | 2014 | Case report | NA | 1 | NA | CEA/4 | NR | IgM ELISA/IgM ELISA + RT-PCR | [48] |
 Gabon | 2007 | Outbreak report | 337 | 8 | 2.4 | NR/2 | Ae. albopictus | RT-PCR/RT-PCR | [31] |
| Â | 2007 | Surveillance | 374 | 9 | 2.4 | WA/2 | Ae. albopictus | RT-PCR/RT-PCR | [30] |
| Â | 2008 | Surveillance | 164 | 0 | 0 | WA/2 | Ae. albopictus | RT-PCR/RT-PCR | [30] |
| Â | 2009 | Surveillance | 14 | 0 | 0 | WA/2 | Ae. albopictus | RT-PCR/RT-PCR | [30] |
| Â | 2010 | Surveillance | 1400 | 28 | 2.0 | WA/2 | Ae. albopictus | RT-PCR/RT-PCR | [30] |
Madagascar | 2006 | Cross-sectional | 38 | 10 | 26.3 | CEA/1 | Ae. albopictus | IgM ELISA + RT-PCR/IgM ELISA + RT-PCR | [25] |
 Nigeria | 2008 | Cross-sectional | 183 | 63 | 34.4 | NR/NR | NR | PRNT/PRNT | [32] |
| Â | 2014 | Case report | NA | 1 | NA | NR/NR | NR | RT-PCR/RT-PCR | [50] |
 Tanzania | 2013 | Cross-sectional | 93 | 4 | 4.3 | NR/NR | NR | IgM ELISA/IgM ELISA + RT-PCR | [49] |
Region of the Americas | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
 St. Martin | 2013-14 | Outbreak report | 651 | 16 | 2.5 | Asian/1,2,4 | NR | IgM ELISA + RT-PCR/IgM ELISA + RT-PCR | [47] |
South-East Asian Region | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
 India | 1964 | Case report | 332 | 7 | 2.1 | NR/2 | NR | HI + Ig detection/HI + Ig detection | [19] |
|  | 1964 | Cross-sectional | 294 | 8 | 2.7 | Asian/2 | Ae. aegypti | HI + Ig detection/HI + Ig detection | [20] |
| Â | 2006 | Outbreak report | 65 | 6 | 9.2 | CEA/1,2,3,4 | NR | RT-PCR/RT-PCR | [28] |
|  | 2007 | Cross-sectional | 387 | 8 | 2.1 | NR/3,4 | NR | RT-PCR/IgM ELISA + RT-PCR | [34] |
|  | 2008 | Case report | NA | 1 | NA | NR/NR | NR | IgM IFA/IgM ELISA + IFA | [33] |
|  | 2009-10 | Prospective | 44 | 16 | 36.4 | NR/NR | NR | IgM ELISA + RT-PCR/IgM ELISA | [42] |
| Â | 2010 | Cross-sectional | 51 | 5 | 9.8 | CEA/1 | NR | RT-PCR/RT-PCR | [37] |
| Â | 2010 | Cross-sectional | 73 | 4 | 5.5 | NR/NR | NR | IgM ELISA/IgM ELISA | [43] |
| Â | 2010 | Cross-sectional | 303 | 68 | 22.4 | NR/2,3 | NR | IgM ELISA/IgM ELISA | [38] |
| Â | 2011 | Cross-sectional | 21 | 2 | 9.5 | NR/NR | NR | IgM ELISA/IgM ELISA | [40] |
|  | 2011 | Cross-sectional | 68 | 9 | 13.2 | CEA/1,2 | NR | IgM ELISA + RT-PCR/IgM ELISA + RT-PCR | [41] |
| Â | 2011-12 | Cross-sectional | 191 | 2 | 1.0 | NR/NR | NR | IgM ELISA/IgM ELISA | [39] |
| Â | 2012 | Case report | NA | 1 | NA | NR/NR | NR | NR/NR | [44] |
 Myanmar | 1970 | Prospective | 539 | 36 | 6.7 | NR/NR | Ae. aegypti | HI + CF/HI + CF | [23] |
|  | 1971 | Prospective | 129 | 8 | 6.2 | NR/NR | Ae. aegypti | HI + CF/HI + CF | [23] |
|  | 1972 | Prospective | 244 | 11 | 4.5 | NR/NR | Ae. aegypti | HI + CF/HI + CF | [23] |
| Â | 2010 | Cross-sectional | 60 | 7 | 11.7 | CEA/NR | NR | IgM ELISA/IgM ELISA | [36] |
 Sri Lanka | 2006 | Case report | NA | 1 | NA | CEA/NR | NR | RT-PCR/RT-PCR | [26] |
| Â | 2006-07 | Prospective | 44 | 3 | 6.8 | CEA/NR | NR | IgM ELISA/IgM ELISA | [27] |
 Thailand | 1962 | Prospective | 150 | 4 | 2.7 | Asian/NR | NR | HI/HI + CF | [18] |
|  | 1963 | Prospective | 144 | 3 | 2.1 | Asian/NR | NR | HI/HI + CF | [18] |
|  | 1964 | Prospective | 334 | 12 | 3.6 | Asian/NR | NR | HI/HI + CF | [18] |
| Â | 2009 | Prospective | 43 | 1 | 2.3 | NR/NR | NR | RT-PCR/RT-PCR | [35] |
Eastern Mediterranean Region | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
 Yemen | 2012 | Cross-sectional | 165 | 14 | 8.5 | NR/2 | NR | IgM ELISA + RT-PCR/IgM ELISA + RT-PCR | [45] |
Western Pacific Region | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
 Malaysia | 2006 | Case report | NA | 2 | NA | CEA/1 | NR | RT-PCR/IgM ELISA | [29] |
 Singapore | 2009 | Case report | NA | 1 | NA | CEA/2 | NR | RT-PCR/RT-PCR | [46] |