Location | Year | Rural/urban | Duration (months) | Surveillance type | Inclusion criteria | Population covered by surveillance sitea | Population utilizing the surveillance site | Eligible cases identified | Consented and provide blood sample | Included in final analysis | Surveillance method adjusted denominatorb | Total blood culture- confirmed typhoid fever cases | Annual crude incidence/100,000 | Surveillance method adjustedb annual incidence/100,000 | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Belbeis district, Sharkia, Egypt | July 2001-October 2001 | Rural + Urban | 4 | Passive sentinel sites (1 hospital + 11 fever specialists + 68 health providers + baseline census + health care utilization adjustment) | ≥6mths of age; Current fever of ≥3 days | 664,000 | 664,000 | 449 | 449 | 449 | 664,000 | 19 | 6ac | 6ac | [9] |
Fayoum, Egypt | June 2002-October 2002 | Rural + Urban | 5 | Passive sentinel (1 hospital + 6 district hospitals + 16 infectious disease specialists + 13 rural health unit physicians + 18 primary care providers) | ≥1 year age; Current fever of 38 °C for ≥2 days; OR clinically suspected typhoid fever | 2,240,000 | 2,240,000 | 1815 | 1815 | 1804 | 766,540 | 90 | 10 | 29 | [10] |
Ashanti region, Ghana | September 2007-November 2008 | Rural | 13 | Passive (1 hospital) + health care utilization adjustment | 5-15 years age; Hospitalized; every second case | 9600 | 9600 | 1456 | 1456 | 1456 | 4800 | 7 | 67 | 135 | [11] |
Ashanti region, Ghana | Sept 2007- July 2009 | Rural | 23 | Passive (1 hospital) + health care utilization adjustment | <5 years age; hospitalized; every second case | 22,425 | 5333 | 1351 | 1351 | 1196 | 2667 | 17 | 166 | 333 | |
Kibera, Kenya | March 2007- February 2009 | Urban slum | 24 | Active (field clinic) + biweekly house to house visit + baseline census + health care utilization adjustment | All age; Current fever of 38 °C; OR respiratory illnessd | 28,000 | 54,535e | 7852 | 1531 | 1531 | 16,423e | 135 | 248a | 822a | [13] |
Lwak, Kenya | October 2006- September 2009 | Rural | 36 | Active (field clinic) + biweekly house to house visit + baseline census + health care utilization adjustment | All age; Current fever of 38 °C; OR respiratory illnessd OR hospitalization | 25,000 | 77,017e | 11,258 | 4185 | 4185 | 4944e | 22 | 29 | 445a | [13] |
Pemba, Zanzibar Tanzania | January 2010- December 2010 | Rural | 12 | Passive (three hospital + health care utilization adjustment) | ≥2mts age; Current fever of 37.5.C | 500,600 | 53,064 | 3105 | 2209 | 2209 | 38,182 | 210 | 4 | 55a | [14] |
S Asia | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
New Delhi, India | November 1995-October 1996 | Urban slum | 12 | Active (twice weekly house visit + study clinic + baseline census) | <40 years;Current fever of 38 °C for <5 years; Current fever of 38.C for ≥ 3 days for >5 years | 7159 | 6,454e | 1454 | 1217 | 1217 | 5402 e | 63 | 880 | 1166 | [17] |
Kolkata, India | November 2003-October 2004 | Urban slum | 12 | Active (monthly household visit + 2 government hospitals + 5 study clinics + baseline census) | All age; Febrile ≥ 3 days | 56,946 | 56,946 | 4378 | 4342 | 4342 | 56,478 | 122 | 214 | 216 | [15] |
Dhaka, Bangladesh | December 2000 -October2001 | Urban slum | 10 | Active (weekly house visit + field clinic + baseline census) | All age; Current fever of ≥38 °C for <5 years; Current fever of ≥38.C for ≥ 3 days for >5 years | NA | 12,407e | 889 | 888 | 888 | 12,393e | 49 | 474 | 395 | [18] |
Dhaka, Bangladesh | January2003-Januay 2004 | Urban slum | 12 | Active (weekly household visits + field clinic + baseline census) | All age; Current fever of ≥38 °C for <5 years; Current fever of ≥38.C for ≥ 3 days for >5 years | 26,586 | 19,710e | 1333 | 961 | 961 | 14,210e | 40 | 150 | 282 | [30] |
Karachi, Pakistan | June 1999-December 2001 | Urban | 12 | Active (fortnightly households visits + two study clinics + baseline census) | <16 years of age; Febrile ≥ 3 days | 41,845 | 41,845 | 7736 | 7415 | 7415 | 40,109 | 189 | 452 | 471 | [19] |
Karachi, Pakistan | August 2002-July 2004 | Urban slum | 30 | Active (weekly household visit + three study clinics + motivation to private providers + baseline census) | 2 to 15 years old; Febrile ≥ 3 days | 11,668 | 29,170e | 4198 | 1248 | 1248 | 8672 e | 49 | 168 | 565 | [15] |
Peri-urban Karachi, Pakistan | February 2007-May 2008 | Semi-urban + Rural | 15 | Active (weekly household visit + local community health center + baseline census | <5 years of age; Current fever of 38 °C OR pneumococcal clinical syndromef | 5570 | 3,949e | 3372 | 1165 | 1165 | 1,364e | 16 | 230 | 1173 | [21] |
SE & Eastern Asia | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Hechi, Guangxi, China | August 2001-July 2002 | Rural + Urban | 12 | Passive (5 hospitals + 23 government clinics + 99 private clinics + baseline census) | 5 to 60 years of age; Febrile ≥ 3 days | 97,928 | 97,928 | 1215 | 1215 | 1215 | 97,928 | 15 | 15 | 15 | [15] |
Jakarta, Indonesia | August 2002-July 2003 | Urban slum | 24 | Passive (8 government public health centers + 2 government hospitals + baseline census) | All age; Febrile ≥ 3 days | 160,261 | 160,261 | 6708 | 5775 | 5775 | 137,971 | 221 | 69 | 80 | |
Dong Thap Vietnam | December 1995-December 1996 | Rural | 12 | Passive (2 health centers + 1 hospital + motivation to private providers + baseline census) | All age; Current fever of ≥38.C for ≥ 3 days | 28,329 | 28,329 | 973 | 667 | 658 | 19,158 | 56 | 198 | 292 | [24] |
Hue, Vietnam | June 2002-June 2003 | Urban | 13 | Passive (4 hospitals + 32 government clinics + 55 private clinics + baseline census) | 5 to 18 years of age; Febrile > 3 days | 84,455 | 84,455 | 3678 | 3611 | 3611 | 82,917 | 18 | 20 | 20 | [15] |
Summary | November 1995 to December 2010 | Urban and Rural | 281 | Variable | Variable | 4,010,372 | NA | 63,220 | 41,500 | 41,325 | NA | 1149 | NA | NA | Â |