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Table 2 Relative frequencies (95 % confidence intervals between parentheses) of conjunctival, nasal and gingival bleeding features reported by the primary studies

From: The face of Ebola: changing frequency of haemorrhage in the West African compared with Eastern-Central African outbreaks

Study

Conjunctival bleeding and conjunctivitis

Nasal bleeding

Gingival bleeding

WHO, [11]

55.0 % (48.5–61.3 %)

 

67.4 % (61.4–73.3 %)

Baron et al., [2]

 

21.9 % (7.6–36.2 %)

34.4 % (17.9–50.8 %)

Sureau, [46]

 

14.7 % (10.5–19.0 %)

22.3 % (17.3–27.3 %)

Bwaka et al., [47]

42.7 % (33.0–52.8 %)

1.9 % (0.0–4.6 %)

12.6 % (6.2–19.0 %)

Georges et al., [48]

53.3 % (26.6–78.7 %)

13.3 % (0.0–30.5 %)

40.0 % (15.2–64.8 %)

Khan et al., [49]

35.7 % (29.2–42.6 %)

 

22.1 % (16.5–27.8 %)

Ndambi et al., [50]

78.3 % (56.3–92.5 %)

4.3 % (0.0–12.7 %)

30.4 % (11.6–49.2 %)

Mupere et al., [51]

40.0 % (19.1–63.9 %)

10.0 % (0.0–23.1 %)

10.0 % (0.0–23.1 %)

Roddy et al., [52]

50.0 % (29.9–70.1 %)

7.7 % (0.0–17.9 %)

3.8 % (0.0–11.2 %)

Maganga et al., [53]

15.8 % (6.0–31.3 %)

10.5 % (0.8–20.3 %)

7.9 % (0.0–16.5 %)

Schieffelin et al., [54]

25.0 % (13.2–40.3 %)

  

Bah et al., [55]

10.8 % (3.0–25.4 %)

5.4 % (0.0–12.7 %)

 

Dallatomasina et al., [56]

2.0 % (0.7–4.7 %)

  

WHO Ebola Response Team, [57]

26.0 % (24.6–27.4 %)

1.3 % (0.9–1.7 %)

1.9 % (1.4–2.4 %)

Yan et al., [58]

34.3 % (25.4–44.0 %)

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