Ciprofloxacin resistance in community- and hospital-acquired Escherichia coli urinary tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Table 2 Subgroup analyses of pooled ciprofloxacin resistance in community setting

Subgroup		Community Setting N = 51	P value*
Subgroup		Pooled resistance	P value*
Risk of bias	Low and unclear n = 28 studies	0.221	<0.0001
Risk of bias	High n = 23 studies	0.337	<0.0001
Study duration^a	≤12 months n = 25 studies	0.323	<0.0001
Study duration^a	>12 months n = 24 studies	0.219	<0.0001
Economy	Developed n = 16 studies	0.141	<0.0001
Economy	Developing n = 35 studies	0.345	<0.0001
Region	Africa, Asia and Middle East n = 29 studies	0.361	<0.0001
Region	Europe, North and South America n = 22 studies	0.174	<0.0001
Age group^a	Adults and children ^b n = 24 studies	0.265	<0.0001
Age group^a	Adults only n = 19 studies	0.302	<0.0001
UTI symptoms	Symptomatic and asymptomatic patients n = 11 studies	0.185	<0.0001
UTI symptoms	Symptomatic patients only n = 40 studies	0.295	<0.0001

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