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Table 1 Description of studies included in meta-analysis

From: Ciprofloxacin resistance in community- and hospital-acquired Escherichia coli urinary tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Study author

Country

Designa

Setting

Risk of bias

Study durationb (months)

Number of positive E. coli UTI samplesc

Number of ciprofloxacin resistant E. coli

Proportion resistant (95 % CI)

Standard error

Weightd (%)

Ahmad, 2012

India

Cross sectional

Community

Unclear

24

318

48

0.15 (0.11, 0.19)

0.02

2.09

Akoachere et al., 2012

Cameroon

Cross sectional

Community

Low

12

43

11

0.26 (0.13, 0.39)

0.07

1.61

Akram et al., 2007

India

Cross sectional

Community

High

12

61

42

0.69 (0.57, 0.80)

0.06

1.70

AlSweih et al., 2005

Kuwait

Cross sectional

Community

High

12

1535

81

0.05 (0.04, 0.06)

0.01

2.15

Al-Tawfiq et al., 2009

Saudi Arabia

Cohort

Community

High

12

2281

592

0.26 (0.24, 0.28)

0.01

2.14

Ansbach et al., 2013

USA

Cross sectional

Community

High

7

98

2

0.02 (−0.01, 0.05)

0.01

2.12

Arabi et al., 2013

Iran

Cross sectional

Community

Low

33

103

23

0.22 (0.14, 0.30)

0.04

1.91

Araujo et al., 2011

Brazil

Cross sectional

Community

Unclear

24

391

36

0.09 (0.06, 0.12)

0.01

2.12

Arslan et al., 2005

Turkey

Cross sectional

Community

Low

5

514

135

0.26 (0.22, 0.30)

0.02

2.09

Astal, 2005

Palestine

Cross sectional

Community

High

6

252

30

0.12 (0.08, 0.16)

0.02

2.09

Azap et al., 2010

Turkey

Cohort

Community

Unclear

12

464

139

0.30 (0.26, 0.34)

0.02

2.08

Bahadin et al., 2011

Singapore

Cross sectional

Community

Unclear

12

90

22

0.24 (0.16, 0.33)

0.05

1.86

Biswas et al., 2006

India

Cross sectional

Community

High

36

354

124

0.35 (0.30, 0.40)

0.03

2.05

Bouchillon et al., 2013

USA

Cross sectional

Community

High

24

723

234

0.32 (0.29, 0.36)

0.02

2.10

Bouchillon et al., 2013

USA

Cross sectional

Hospital

High

24

253

103

0.41 (0.35, 0.47)

0.03

11.83

Dash et al., 2013

India

Cross sectional

Community

Low

30

397

212

0.53 (0.48, 0.58)

0.03

2.05

Dimitrov et al., 2004

Kuwait

Cross sectional

Community

High

84

780

92

0.12 (0.10, 0.14)

0.01

2.13

Farshad et al., 2011

Iran

Cross sectional

Community

Low

12

90

8

0.09 (0.03, 0.15)

0.03

2.01

Ghadiri et al., 2012

Iran

Cross sectional

Hospital

High

24

200

80

0.40 (0.33, 0.47)

0.03

9.41

Gobernado et al., 2007

Spain

Cross sectional

Community

Low

12

2292

418

0.18 (0.17, 0.20)

0.01

2.14

Ho et al., 2010

Hong Kong

Cross sectional

Community

Low

24

271

35

0.13 (0.09, 0.17)

0.02

2.09

Hoban et al., 2011

Multiple countries

Cross sectional

Hospital

High

24

1643

624

0.38 (0.36, 0.40)

0.01

78.76

Ismaili et al., 2011

Belgium

Cohort

Community

High

24

189

5

0.03 (0.00, 0.05)

0.01

2.13

Kashef et al., 2010

Iran

Cross sectional

Community

High

30

578

180

0.31 (0.27, 0.35)

0.02

2.09

Kiffer et al., 2007

Brazil

Cross sectional

Community

Unclear

48

22679

2699

0.12 (0.11, 0.12)

0.002

2.15

Killgore et al., 2004

USA

Case–control

Community

Low

12

120

40

0.33 (0.25, 0.42)

0.04

1.89

Kimando et al., 2010

Kenya

Cross sectional

Community

Unclear

6

92

6

0.07 (0.01, 0.12)

0.03

2.05

Kothari et al., 2008

India

Cross sectional

Community

High

6

361

260

0.72 (0.67, 0.77)

0.02

2.06

Kurutepe et al., 2005

Turkey

NC

Community

High

72

880

174

0.20 (0.17, 0.22)

0.01

2.12

Lau et al., 2004

Taiwan

Cross sectional

Community

Unclear

13

80

14

0.17 (0.09, 0.26)

0.04

1.89

Ljuca et al., 2010

Bosnia & Herzegovina

Cross sectional

Community

High

36

43

4

0.09 (0.01, 0.18)

0.04

1.87

Longhi et al., 2012

Italy

NC

Community

Low

6

154

36

0.23 (0.17, 0.30)

0.03

1.98

Martinez et al., 2012

Colombia

Cross sectional

Community

High

2

102

39

0.38 (0.29, 0.48)

0.05

1.83

Miragliotta et al., 2008

Italy

Cohort

Community

Low

60

2589

422

0.16 (0.15, 0.18)

0.01

2.14

Molina-Lopez et al., 2011

México

Cross sectional

Community

High

48

119

65

0.55 (0.46, 0.64)

0.05

1.86

Moreira et al., 2006

Brazil

Cross sectional

Community

Unclear

15

544

65

0.12 (0.09, 0.15)

0.01

2.12

Murugan et al., 2012

India

Cohort

Community

High

12

204

144

0.71 (0.64, 0.77)

0.03

2.00

Muvunyi et al., 2011

Rwanda

Cross sectional

Community

Low

6

72

23

0.32 (0.21, 0.43)

0.05

1.75

Mwaka et al., 2011

Uganda

Cross sectional

Community

High

NS

27

9

0.33 (0.16, 0.51)

0.09

1.32

Ni Chulain et al., 2005

Ireland

Cross sectional

Community

High

5

723

18

0.02 (0.01, 0.04)

0.01

2.15

Olson et al., 2012

USA

Cross sectional

Community

Unclear

16

95

4

0.04 (0.00, 0.08)

0.02

2.08

Otajevwo, 2013

Nigeria

Cross sectional

Community

High

6

5

4

0.80 (0.45, 1.15)

0.18

0.63

Prakash et al., 2013

India

Cross sectional

Community

Low

NS

23

16

0.70 (0.51, 0.88)

0.10

1.26

Randrianirina et al., 2007

Madagascar

Cross sectional

Community

Low

28

607

100

0.16 (0.14, 0.19)

0.02

2.12

Rani et al., 2011

India

Cross sectional

Community

Unclear

6

208

151

0.73 (0.67, 0.79)

0.03

2.01

Shaifali et al., 2012

India

Cross sectional

Community

Unclear

12

46

28

0.61 (0.47, 0.75)

0.07

1.54

Shariff et al., 2013

India

Cross sectional

Community

High

18

491

160

0.33 (0.28, 0.37)

0.02

2.08

Sire et al., 2007

Senegal

Cross sectional

Community

Low

33

1010

157

0.16 (0.13, 0.18)

0.01

2.13

Sood et al., 2012

India

NC

Community

High

30

214

160

0.75 (0.69, 0.81)

0.03

2.02

Stratchounski et al., 2006

Russia

NC

Community

Low

48

423

18

0.04 (0.02, 0.06)

0.01

2.14

Vellinga et al., 2012

Ireland

Case–control

Community

Low

9

633

78

0.12 (0.10, 0.15)

0.01

2.12

Wang et al., 2014

China

Cross sectional

Community

High

8

129

91

0.71 (0.63, 0.78)

0.04

1.92

Yildirim et al., 2010

Turkey

Cross sectional

Community

Unclear

24

450

85

0.19 (0.15, 0.23)

0.02

2.10

Yolbas et al., 2013

Turkey

Cross sectional

Community

High

12

113

24

0.21 (0.14, 0.29)

0.04

1.93

  1. aNon-classifiable design
  2. bNot stated
  3. cStudy denominator
  4. dWeights are from random effects analysis using DerSimonian-Laird model