Table 2 Overview of studies that include anorectal Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) nucleic acid amplification testing in women by routine systematic testing or selective testing on indication of receptive anal sex (RAI) or otherwise

van Liere et al. [10]

STI clinic, South Limburg, Netherlands ’12–‘13

All

654

8.4 % (55/654)

31.0 % @6 (203/654)

69.0 % @6 (451/654)

7.9 % (16/203)

8.6 % (39/451)

11.2 % (73/654)

11.6 % (76/654)

3.9 % (3/76)

5.4 % (3/55)

Van Liere et al. [11]

STI clinic, South Limburg, Netherlands ’10–‘12

Swingers

461

6.7 % (31/461)

29.5 % @6 (136/461)

70.5 % @6 (325/461)

3.5 % (16/136)

4.6 % (15/325)

6.3 % (29/461)

7.8 % (36/461)

19.4 % (7/36)

22.6 % (7/31)

Peters et al. [12]

Primary health care facilities South Africa ’11–‘12

All

603

7.1 % (43/603)

4.3 % @6 (26/603)

95.7 % @6 (577/603)

3.8 % (1/26)

7.3 % (42/577)

16.0 % (96/603)

17.7 % (107/603)

10.3 % (11/107)

25.6 % (11/43)

Ostergaard et al. [27]

STI clinic, Denmark ’95–‘96

All

196

5.6 % (11/196)

43.9 % @e (86/196)

56.1 % @e (110/196)

4.7 % (4/86)

6.4 % (7/110)

14.5 % (25/173)

15.6 % (27/173)

7.4 % (2/27)

18.2 % (2/11)

Trebach et al. [28]

2 public health STI clinics, Baltimore, USA ’11–‘13

Had RAI, sharing toys

602

8.6 % (52/602)

100 % @3

0%

8.6 % (52/602)

N/A

9.4 % (50/532)

11.8 % (63/532)

25.4 % (13/63)

26.0 % (13/50)

Bachmann et al. [24]

STI clinics, hospital-based HIV clinics, USA ’03–‘07

Had RAI, STD contact

99

27.3 % (27/99)

40.4 % @2 (40/99)

59.6 % @2 (59/99)

17.5b % (7/40)

33.9 % (20/59)

23.2 % (23/99)

30.3 % (30/99)

23.3 % (7/30)

25.9 % (7/27)

Van der Helm et al. [25]

STI clinics, Amsterdam, South Limburg, Netherlands, ’06–‘07

Had RAI

901

9.3 % (84/901)

100 % @6

0 %

9.3 % (84/901)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Sethupathi et al. [19]

STI clinic Singleton hospital, UK ’06–‘08

Had RAI, STD contact, symptoms, assault

160

12.5 % (20/160)

51.2 % @u (82/160)

48.8 % @u (78/160)

12.2 % (10/82)

12.8 % (10/78)

14.1 % (22/156)

14.7 % (23/156)

4.3 % (1/23)

5.0 % (1/20)

Koedijk et al. [18]

STI clinics Netherlands ’06–‘10

Had RAI, symptoms, prostitution

18,238

9.3 % (1695/18,238)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

9.4 % (1709/18,238)

11.7 % (2139/18,238)

20.1 % (430/2139)

25.4 % (430/1695)

Hunte et al. [16]

STI clinic Miami USA ‘07

Had RAI

97

17.5 % (17/97)

100 % @3

0 %

17.5 % (17/97)

N/A

16.5 % (16/97)

17.5 % (17/97)

5.9 % (1/17)

5.9 % (1/17)

Peters et al. [22]

STI clinic, The Hague, Netherlands,’07–‘08

Had RAI

850

8.8 % (75/850)

100 % @6

0 %

8.8 % (75/850)

N/A

8.9 % (76/850)

10.8 % (92/850)

20.7 % (16/92)

21.3 % (16/75)

Javanbakt et al. [17]

STI clinics USA ’08–‘10

Had RAI

1203

14.6 % (171/1203)

100 % @3

0 %

14.6 % (171/1203)

N/A

12.0 % (144/1203)

16.0 % (193/1203)

25.4 % (49/193)

28.7 % (49/171)

Shaw et al. [23]

STI clinic UK, before ‘13

Had RAI

312

7.1 % (22/312)

100 % @u

0 %

7.1 % (22/312)

N/A

6.7 % (194/3043)

N/A

N/A

22.7 % (5/22)

Cosentino et al. [29]

STI clinic Health department; HIV clinic, Pittsburgh, USA ’09–‘10

Had RAI

272

7.7 % (21/272)

100 % @e

0 %

7.7 % (21/272)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Garner et al. [15]

Manchester Centre for Sexual Health, UK ‘10

Had RAI

91

6.6 % (6/91)

100 % @u

0 %

6.6 % (6/91)

N/A

N/A

9.4 % (59/631)

N/A

16.7 % (1/6)

Bazan et al. [13]

Student health clinic Seattle, before ‘93

Had RAI

341

13.5 % (46/341)

100 % @12

0 %

13.5 % (46/341)

N/A

N/A

14.7 % (49/334)

12.2 % (6/49)

13.6 % (6/44)

Ding et al. [26]

STI clinic Plymouth, UK ’12–‘13

Had genital CT

97

77.3 % (75/97)

25.8 % @u (25/97)

74.2 % @u (72/97)

80.0 % (20/25)

76.4 % (55/72)

100 %

100 %

N/A

N/A

Musil et al. [30]

Canberra Sexual Health Centre, Australia ’13–’14

Had genital CT, contact, symptoms

56

57.1 % (32/56)

33.9 % @6 (19/56)

66.1 % @6 (37/56)

57.9 % (11/19)

56.8 % (21/37)

76.8 % (43/56)

78.6 % (44/56)

2.3 % (1/44)

3.1 % (1/32)

Gratrix et al. [21]

STI clinic, Calgary, Canada ‘12

Received PE

1570

11.7 % (183/1570)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

7.1 % (110/1543)

N/A

N/A

N/A

Gratrix et al. [21]

STI clinic, Edmonton, Canada. ‘12

Received PE

1485

13.5 % (201/1485)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

12.6 % (177/1403)

N/A

N/A

N/A

Barry et al. [20]

STI clinic, San Francisco, USA, 07–‘08

Received PE

1308

5.1 % (67/1308)

21.8 % @3 (256/1173)

78.2 % @3 (917/1173)

4.3 % (11/256)

4.8 % (44/917)

5.9 % (76/1308)

6.7 % (88/1308)

15.9 % (14/88)

21.8 % (14/67)

Self-triage Internet

Ladd et al. [14]

Internet iwantthekit.org, USA ’09–‘11

Self-request

205

12.7 % (26/205)

57.5 % @3 (118/205)

42.5 % @3 (87/205)

N/A

N/A

17.6 % (35/201)

N/A

N/A

N/A

Dukers-Muijrers et al. [31]

‘Open population’ South Limburg Netherlands, ’13–14

Test provided by a friend (social network)

58

6.9 % (4/58)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

6.9 % (4/58)

8.6 % (5/58)

20.0 % (1/5)

25.0 % (1/4)