Table 2 Identified studies in the context of ESBL-E or CR-E decolonization
Author, year; study type | Patients included | Pathogen | Decolonization regimena [duration] | Decolonization efficacy [definition, methods to detect] | Follow-up period | Resistance development | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prospective ‘decolonization’ studies | |||||||
Huttner et al., 2013; randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study [8] | Hospitalized carriers (n = 54) | ESBL-E (E. coli ~80 %, K. pneumoniae ~20 %) | Colistin 1,26 MU, neomycin 250 mg [10d] (plus nitrofurantoin 3 × 100 mg/d [5d] in urinary tract colonization) (n = 27) vs. placebo (n = 27) | 52 % vs. 37 %; no significant difference [≥1 neg. rectal swab culture] | 28 ± 7 days | No significant change in colistin or neomycin MICs | Extraintestinal colonization 50 % at baseline; systemic antibiotic treatment in 4 % of patients (vs. 19 % in placebo group) |
Oren et al., 2013; prospective, controlled study [10] | Hospitalized carriers (n = 152), ~40 % of which with clinical infection | CR-E (K. pneumoniae ~90 %) | Colistin 2,5 MU (n = 16) or gentamicin 80 mg (n = 26) or combination (n = 8) [until decolonization, max. 60 d] vs. spontaneous eradication (n = 102) | 44 % (42 %, 50 %, 37.5 %) vs. 7 %; significant difference [3 neg. consecutive rectal swabs cultures, neg. PCR testing of third swab] | Median f/u 33 days vs. 140 days | Gentamicin resistance 23 %; colistin resistance 6 %, combination 0 % | Systemic antibiotic treatment in ~40 % of patients in both groups |
Saidel-Odes et al., 2012; randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study [9] | Hospitalized carriers (n = 40) | CR-E (K. pneumoniae) | Colistin 1 MU, gentamicin 80 mg, plus SOD [7d] (n = 20) vs. placebo (n = 20) | 59 % vs. 33 %; no significant difference [neg. rectal swab culture] | 42 days | None, gentamicin MIC remained ≤2 mg/ml and colistin MIC ≤0.094 mg/ml | Efficacy 61 % vs. 16 % at week 2; no impact on extraintestinal colonization (groin cultures 60 % positive) |
Buehlmann et al., 2011; prospective, controlled study [11] | Infected patients (n = 83) or hospitalized carriers (n = 17) | ESBL-E (E. coli 71 %, K. pneumoniae 25 %) | Paromomycin 1 g (intestinal colonisation) [4d], diverse oral antibiotics (urinary tract colonization) [5d], chlorhexidine mouth rinse [5d] (n = 39) vs. spontaneous eradication (n = 61) | 63 % (ITT analysis)/83 % (on treatment analysis) vs. 55 % [≥1 neg. throat and rectal swab and neg. urine culture] | Median f/u 24 months | n.d. | 55 % of patients eliminated ESBL-E without decolonization regimen by systemic antibiotic treatment or surgery |
SDD studies with ESBL-E or CR-E decolonization efficacy subgroup analysis or retrospective observational studies | |||||||
Lübbert et al., 2013; retrospective, observational SDD study [12] | Hospitalized carriers (n = 52) or infected patients (n = 38) | CR-E (K. pneumoniae) | Colistin 1 MU, gentamicin 80 mg plus SOD [7d] (n = 14) vs. non SDD-control (n = 76) | 43 % vs. 30 %; no significant difference [≥3 consecutive negative rectal swab PCRs separated by ≥48 h from one another] | Median f/u 48 days vs. 53 days | 2/6 previous sensitive isolates acquired colistin resistance; 5/11 acquired gentamicin resistance | Systemic antibiotic treatment in 43 % of SDD group vs. 29 % non-SDD group |
Oostdijk et al., 2012; post hoc subgroup analysis of prospective, randomized SDD study [13] | Hospitalized (ICU) carriers (n = 507) | 3CR-E or AGR-Eb | Colistin 2,5 MU, tobramycin 80 mg, amphotericin B 500 mg plus SOD [until discharge]; no control group | 73 % in 3CR-E (vs. 80 % in cephalosporin-sensitive isolates), 62 % in AGR-E(vs. 81 % in aminoglycoside-sensitive isolates) [2 consecutive rectal swab cultures] | Until ICU discharge | No significant resistance development in patients with decolonization failure | Decolonization after median duration of 5 days in 3CR-E, 5.5 days in AGR-E (vs. 4 days in respective sensitive isolates) |
Abecasis et al., 2011; post hoc subgroup analysis of prospective SDD study [14] | Hospitalized (pediatric ICU) carriers (n = 28) or infected patients (n = 11) | ESBL-E | Colistin, tobramycin, parenteral cefotaxime [until ICU discharge, dose and duration not specified]; no control group | Overall 54 % (21/39), with follow-up 21/27 (78 %) [negative rectal swab culture] | Until ICU discharge | No tobramycin resistence development | In 9/23 patients with tobramycin-resistent isolates decolonization failed (vs. 0/16 with tobramycin-sensitive isolates) |
Troché et al., 2005; post hoc subgroup analysis of prospective SDD study [15] | Hospitalized (ICU) carriers (n = 27) or infected patients (n = 10) | ESBL-E | Colistin 1.5 MU plus neomycin 500 mg or plus erythromycin 500 mg [until two negative rectal swabs or ICU discharge]; no control group | 46 % [2 consecutive negative rectal swab cultures] | Until ICU discharge | n.d. | Systemic antibiotic treatment in ten infected patients |
Nitschke et al., 2012; retrospective observational cohort studyc [16] | Patients with intestinal carriage of STEC with or without HUS (n = 65) | STEC O104:H4 | Azithromycin [cumulative 3 g in 14 days] (n = 22) vs. spontaneous eradication (n = 43) | 95 % vs. 19 %; significant difference [≥2 neg. stool cultures over a period of at least 6 days] | Mean f/u 41 days vs. 45 days | n.d. | Subsequently, 15 long term STEC carriers were treated with 3 days azithromycin with 100 % decolonization efficacy |
Paterson et al., 2001; retrospective observational cohort studyc [17] | Hospitalized carriers (n = 7) or infected patients (n = 2) | ESBL-E (E. coli 67 %, K. pneumoniae 33 %) | Norfloxacin 2 × 400 mg/d [5d]; no control group | 44 % [≥1 neg. stool culture] | 28 days | n.d. | Transient ESBL-E suppression at day 2–3 after completion of norfloxacin in 9/9 patients |