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Fig. 4 | BMC Infectious Diseases

Fig. 4

From: Frequency and impact of confounding by indication and healthy vaccinee bias in observational studies assessing influenza vaccine effectiveness: a systematic review

Fig. 4

Odds ratios (95 % CIs) of influenza vaccine effectiveness during influenza seasons (black square), during pre-influenza seasons (striped circle) and post-influenza seasons (white circle) against hospitalization due to influenza or pneumonia (a), hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome (b), hospitalization due to cardiovascular diseases (c), influenza-like illness (d), prematurity (e), small for gestational age (f), and medically attended respiratory illness in infants (g)

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