Diagnostic accuracy of the rapid urine lipoarabinomannan test for pulmonary tuberculosis among HIV-infected adults in Ghana–findings from the DETECT HIV-TB study

Table 4 Sensitivity and specificity of the LAM test, sputum smear microscopy and combinations of the tests

	Total	Sensitivity		Specificity		LR (+)	LR (−)	PPV	NPV
	Total	N	% (95 % CI)	N	% (95 % CI)	% (95 % CI)	% (95 % CI)	% (95 % CI)	% (95 % CI)
LAM test	469	24/55	44 (30–58)	393/414	95 (92–97)	8.6 (5.1-14.4)	0.6 (0.5-0.8)	53 (38–68)	93 (90–95)
ZN microscopy	467	29/55	53 (39–66)	406/412^a	99 (97–100)	36.2 (15.7-83.3)	0.5 (0.4-0.6)	83 (66–93)	94 (91–96)
ZN + Fluorescence microscopy	467	31/55	56 (42–70)	406/412^a	99 (97–100)	38.7 (16.9-88.5)	0.4 (0.3-0.6)	84 (68–94)	94 (92–96)
LAM + ZN microscopy	469	34/55	62 (48–75)^a	388/414	94 (90–96)^a,b	9.8 (6.4-15.1)	0.4 (0.3-06)	57 (43–69)	95 (92–97)
LAM + ZN + Fluorescence Microscopy	469	35/55	64 (50–76)^a	388/414	94 (91–96)^a,c	10.1 (6.6-15.5)	0.4 (0.3-0.6)	57 (44–70)	95 (93–97)

For combinations of test a positive result was recorded if any of the tests were positive
^ap < 0.05 for comparison with LAM test alone
^bp < 0.05 for comparison with ZN microscopy alone
^cp < 0.05 for comparison with ZN + Fluorescence microscopy
LR (+) = Positive Likelihood Ratio, LR (−) = Negative Likelihood Ratio, PPV = Positive Predictive Value, NPV = Negative Predictive Value, ZN = Ziehl Neelsen

ISSN: 1471-2334