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Table 2 Economic model inputs by World Bank income level [34] for vaccine, treatment, and societal costs in 2013 United States dollars ($), with earlier estimates converted using the United States Consumer Price Index. [37]

From: An economic analysis of poliovirus risk management policy options for 2013–2052

Model input

Base Case Value

Source

Low-income country

Lower middle-income country

Upper middle-income country

High-income country

Vaccine price per dose

    

[18,73]

 - OPV (any formulation)

$ 0.12

$ 0.12

$ 0.13

$ 0.16

 - IPV (10-dose vial)

$ 1.30

$ 2.30

$ 3.20

$ 13.00

Effective vaccine wastage

    

[18,42,44]

 - OPV in RI

50 %

50 %

30 %

10 %

 - OPV or IPV in SIAs

44 %

44 %

44 %

44 %

 - IPV (10-dose vial)

40%a

40%a

30 % or 25%a

10 % or 5%a

Administration costs per dose

    

[18,42]

 - OPV in RI

$ 0.86

$ 0.86

$ 2.29

$ 2.90

 - OPV co-administered in RIb

$ 0.30

$ 0.30

N/A

N/A

 - OPV in pSIAs

$ 0.60

$ 0.60

$ 3.30

$ 4.20

 - OPV in oSIAsc

$ 0.90

$ 0.90

$ 4.95

$ 6.30

 - IPV single antigen in RI

$ 1.08

$ 1.08

$ 2.86

$ 10.36

 - IPV combo in RI

N/A

N/A

$ 0.72

$ 2.59

Treatment costs per paralytic polio case

$ 650

$ 6,500

$ 65,000

$ 650,000

[26,40]

Disability-adjusted life-years per paralytic polio case

13

14

14

14

[26,40]

Societal economic costs per paralytic polio cased

$ 7,800

$ 27,000

$ 96,000

$ 550,000

[40,46]

  1. Abbreviations: IPV, inactivated poliovirus vaccine; N/A, not applicable; OPV, oral poliovirus vaccine; oSIA, outbreak response SIA; pSIA, planned, preventive SIA; RI, routine immunization; SIA, supplemental immunization activity
  2. Based on estimates for single IPV-dose in low and lower middle-income countries, and 2 (sequential) or 3 or more IPV doses (IPV-only) in the RI schedule, respectively, with lower values than prior estimates [18] to reflect the subsequently modified WHO open vial policy [74]
  3. b Incremental cost of for OPV co-administered with an IPV dose; estimate based on judgment
  4. c oSIA administration costs assume 1.5 times the costs for pSIAs [42]
  5. d Based on DALY estimate, multiplied by the average annual per-capita gross national income of $597 for 33 low-income countries, $1,898 for 45 lower middle-income countries, $6,885 for 45 upper middle-income countries, and $39,091 for 49 high-income countries [46]. No estimates were available for 3 low-income countries (i.e., Democratic Republic of Korea, Myanmar, and Somalia), 3 lower middle-income countries (i.e., Djibouti, West Bank and Gaza, Syrian Arab Republic), 5 upper middle-income countries (i.e., Argentina, Belize, Cuba, Iran, Libya), and 17 mostly small high-income countries (i.e., Bahrain, Brunei Darussalam, Israel, Kuwait, New Zealand, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and small island nations or extra-territorial states with autonomous status) otherwise included in the analysis.