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Table 2 Main clinical presentations of Kingella kingae infection

From: Kingella kingae infections in children

Clinical presentation

Characteristic

Occult bacteremia

Mainly in children aged <5 years, more common in males, sometimes with a maculopapular rash

Osteoarticular infection

Generally characterised by mild to moderate clinical and radiological manifestations, limited inflammatory response, mainly in the long bones or in bones that are not infected by other organisms (i.e., calcaneus, talus, sternum, and clavicle)

Septic arthritis

Mainly in the large weight-hearing joints, limited clinical evidence, limited inflammatory response

Spondylodiscitis

Mainly in children aged <5 years,, mild to moderate signs in the lumbar intervertebral spaces

Endocarditis

Most severe manifestation of K. kingae infection, characterised by fever >39 °C and increased inflammatory markers, possibility of embolic complications with severe neurologic consequences as well as valvular insufficiency, cardiogenic shock, pulmonary infarction and paravalvular abscesses

Meningitis

Mainly in adolescents

Lower respiratory tract infection

Rare