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Table 3 Risk factors of nasopharyngeal carriage of Pnc, strains with reduced susceptibility to penicillin (RSP) Pnc, Hi and ß-lactamase + Hi strains by univariate and multivariate analysis

From: Trends in antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae isolated from nasopharyngeal flora in children with acute otitis media in France before and after 13 valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction

 

Univariate analysis

Multivariate analysis

 

OR

95 % CI

P value

aOR

95 % CI

P value

Carriage of Pnc*

      

Otalgia + fever ≥38.5 °C

1.39

1.26;1.53

<10−4

1.29

1.17;1.42

<10−4

Daycare centre

1.33

1.21;1.46

<10−4

1.61

1.46;1.78

<10−4

Siblings

1.32

1.20;1.45

<10−4

1.45

1.31;1.60

<10−4

Age <1 year

1.03

0.94 ;1.14

0.48

1.04

0.95 ;1.15

0.39

Recent use of cephalosporin

0.98

0.86;1.11

0.74

   

Bilateral AOMa

0.94

0.84;1.06

0.33

   

Otitis-prone childrenb

0.91

0.79;1.04

0.16

   

Periods (post-PCV13)

0.86

0.78;0.94

0.002

0.84

0.77 ;0.93

0.01

History of AOMb

0.86

0.77;0.96

0.005

   

Hi carriage

0.79

0.72 ;0.86

<10−4

   

Recent use of antibiotics

0.78

0.71 ;0.86

<10−4

0.73

0.66 ;0.81

<10−4

Conjunctivitis

0.47

0.42;0.52

<10−4

0.47

0.42;0.52

<10−4

Carriage of RSP Pnc**

      

Recent use of antibiotics

1.88

1.66 ;2.14

<10−4

1.78

1.56 ;2.03

<10−4

Day care centre

1.68

1.48;1.91

<10−4

1.55

1.36 ;1.77

<10−4

Recent use of cephalosporin

1.63

1.38;1.92

<10−4

   

Otitis-prone childrenb

1.60

1.33;1.93

<10−4

   

History of AOMb

1.58

1.36;1.83

<10−4

   

Bilateral AOMa

1.15

0.98;1.35

0.08

   

Age <1 year

1.08

0.96 ;1.23

0.21

1.19

1.04 ;1.35

0.009

Conjunctivitis

1.08

0.93;1.26

0.33

   

Hi carriage

0.95

0.84 ;1.08

0.46

   

Otalgia + fever ≥38.5 °C

0.93

0.82;1.06

0.27

   

Periods (post-PCV13)

0.72

0.63 ;0.81

<10−4

0.71

0.62 ;0.81

<10−4

Siblings

0.70

0.62 ;0.80

<10−4

0.75

0.65 ;0.85

<10−4

Carriage of Hi***

      

Conjunctivitis

4.22

3.76 ;4.74

<10−4

4.10

3.54 ;4.76

<10−4

Daycare centre

1.74

1.58 ;1.91

<10−4

1.93

1.70;2.19

<10−4

History of AOMb

1.65

1.48 ;1.83

<10−4

   

Otitis-prone childrenb

1.54

1.34 ;1.77

<10−4

   

Siblings

1.49

1.36 ;1.64

<10−4

1.82

1.60;2.07

<10−4

Bilateral AOMa

1.47

1.31 ;1.65

<10−4

1.33

1.17 ;1.51

<10−4

Recent use of antibiotics

1.42

1.29;1.56

<10−4

1.28

1.12;1.45

<10−4

Age <1 year

1.37

1.25 ;1.50

<10−4

1.49

1.31;1.69

<10−4

Recent use of cephalosporin

1.19

1.05 ;1.35

0.005

   

Periods (post-PCV13)

1.18

1.08;1.29

<10−3

1.23

1.05;1.44

0.01

Otalgia + fever ≥38.5 °C

0.84

0.76;0.92

<10−3

   

Pnc carriage

0.79

0.72 ;0.86

<10−4

   

Carriage of ß-lactamase producing Hi****

      

Otitis-prone childrenb

1.27

0.99 ;1.64

0.06

   

Recent use of cephalosporin

1.21

0.96 ;1.53

0.11

   

History of AOMb

1.18

0.94;1.48

0.16

   

Recent use of antibiotics

1.17

0.97 ;1.40

0.11

   

Age <1 year

1.16

0.96;1.40

0.12

0.86

0.72;1.04

0.13

Conjunctivitis

1.10

0.91 ;1.33

0.32

   

Bilateral AOMa

0.96

0.76 ;1.23

0.76

   

Otalgia + fever ≥38.5 °C

0.94

0.78;1.14

0.52

   

Siblings

0.91

0.75 ;1.10

0.33

   

Daycare centre

0.90

0.75;1.08

0.27

   

Pnc carriage

0.89

0.74 ;1.08

0.24

   

Periods (post-PCV13)

0.65

0.54 ;0.78

<10−4

0.65

0.54 ;0.79

<10−4

  1. aOR, adjusted odds ratio; 95 % CI, 95 % confidence interval; Pnc: pneumococcus; Hi: H. influenzae; AOM: Acute otitis medi; a adata not available in 2006/2008, bdata not available in 2006/2007
  2. *univariate and multivariate analysis of overall population (n = 7,200), with 4,033 Pnc carriers; **univariate and multivariate analysis of Pnc carriers (n = 4,033), with 1,735 RSP Pnc carriers; ***univariate and multivariate analysis of overall population (n = 7,200), with 3,624 Hi carriers; ****univariate analysis of Hi carriers (n = 3,624), with 519 ß-lactamase+