Table 2 Determinants of CDI among pneumonia and UTI discharges, NIS 2009-2011

Age

18-34 years old (ref.)

35-49 years old

0.98 (0.74, 1.31)

0.84 (0.61, 1.14)

0.82 (0.49, 1.38)

1.49 (0.96, 2.33)

50-64 years old

1.27 (0.97, 1.65)

1.34 (1.00, 1.78)

0.84 (0.53, 1.33)

1.92 (1.19, 3.11)

65 years old or more

1.70 (1.28, 2.25)*

1.85 (1.40, 2.45)*

0.94 (0.61, 1.44)

2.41 (1.47, 3.95)*

Race/ethnicity

White (ref.)

Black

0.92 (0.79, 1.07)

1.02 (0.89, 1.16)

1.08 (0.87, 1.34)

1.01 (0.86, 1.18)

Hispanic

1.02 (0.86, 1.21)

0.84 (0.71, 1.00)

0.85 (0.63, 1.15)

0.88 (0.73, 1.08)

Asian/Pacific Islander

1.26 (0.97, 1.62)

0.91 (0.69, 1.20)

0.96 (0.55, 1.67)

0.88 (0.60, 1.28)

Native American

1.50 (0.86, 2.62)

0.84 (0.50, 1.43)

0.57 (0.14, 2.31)

0.66 (0.28, 1.56)

Other

1.14 (0.87, 1.50)

1.14 (0.87, 1.47)

1.24 (0.82, 1.87)

0.84 (0.58, 1.21)

Charlson-Deyo Index

0 (ref.)

1

0.98 (0.86, 1.13)

1.16 (1.02, 1.32)

0.88 (0.72, 1.09)

1.18 (1.03, 1.36)

2 or more

1.54 (1.36, 1.75)*

1.81 (1.59, 2.05)*

1.31 (1.10, 1.55)*

1.72 (1.53, 1.94)*

Neighborhood income

$1 - $38,999 (ref.)

$39,000 - $47,999

1.08 (0.96, 1.23)

1.07 (0.95, 1.21)

1.09 (0.86, 1.37)

0.89 (0.77, 1.03)

$48,000 - 62,999

1.12 (0.98, 1.27)

1.10 (0.97, 1.25)

1.29 (1.04, 1.59)

1.17 (1.01, 1.36)

$63,000 or more

1.30 (1.13, 1.49)*

1.23 (1.07, 1.43)

1.52 (1.21, 1.90)*

1.17 (0.98, 1.39)

Payer type

Private including HMO (ref.)

Medicare

1.32 (1.15, 1.51)*

1.26 (1.09, 1.45)*

1.21 (0.95, 1.55)

0.90 (0.74, 1.10)

Medicaid

1.38 (1.14, 1.68)*

1.19 (0.98, 1.45)

1.04 (0.72, 1.50)

1.00 (0.78, 1.28)

Self-pay

0.69 (0.49, 0.96)

0.87 (0.61, 1.23)

0.25 (0.08, 0.78)

0.53 (0.30, 0.94)

No Charge

1.28 (0.66, 2.50)

0.54 (0.17, 1.72)

0.74 (0.13, 4.42)

0.38 (0.05, 2.75)

Other

1.10 (0.81, 1.49)

1.08 (0.70, 1.67)

0.86 (0.44, 1.67)

0.51 (0.26, 1.03)

Hospital characteristics

Bed size

Small (ref.)

Medium

0.92 (0.78, 1.09)

1.03 (0.88, 1.20)

1.02 (0.80, 1.30)

0.88 (0.74, 1.04)

Large

1.09 (0.94, 1.27)

1.17 (1.01, 1.35)

1.19 (0.96, 1.48)

0.97 (0.83, 1.14)

Hospital control

Private investor-own (ref.)

Private non-profit

0.79 (0.68, 0.92)

0.86 (0.74, 1.00)

1.01 (0.79, 1.28)

1.15 (0.96, 1.37)

Government nonfederal

0.68 (0.55, 0.84)*

0.76 (0.63, 0.93)

0.88 (0.63, 1.23)

1.06 (0.84, 1.35)

Setting

Rural (ref.)

Urban non-teaching

1.63 (1.36, 1.96)*

1.66 (1.40, 1.98)*

1.63 (1.20, 2.20)

1.42 (1.16, 1.73)*

Urban teaching

2.05 (1.71, 2.47)*

1.92 (1.60, 2.30)*

1.92 (1.42, 2.61)*

1.74 (1.42, 2.14)*

Region

Northeast (ref.)

Midwest

0.94 (0.79, 1.11)

0.87 (0.73, 1.04)

0.99 (0.79, 1.23)

1.04 (0.86, 1.25)

South

0.79 (0.68, 0.91)

0.78 (0.66, 0.92)

0.82 (0.66, 1.01)

0.81 (0.68, 0.96)

West

0.83 (0.70, 0.97)

0.82 (0.69, 0.98)

0.78 (0.61, 1.01)

0.87 (0.72, 1.05)

Year

2009 (ref.)

2010

1.10 (0.97, 1.24)

0.96 (0.85, 1.08)

1.11 (0.93, 1.32)

1.03 (0.90, 1.19)

2011

1.06 (0.94, 1.20)

0.95 (0.84, 1.06)

1.06 (0.89, 1.26)

1.01 (0.88, 1.16)