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Table 1 Maternal and infant characteristics according to the early (first 6 weeks) feeding pattern

From: HIV-free survival according to the early infant-feeding practices; a retrospective study in an anti-retroviral therapy programme in Makurdi, Nigeria

Variables

EBF N (%)

EBMS N (%)

MF N (%)

Gender

   

Male

95 (48.5)

278 (51.1)

28 (45.9)

Female

101 (51.5)

266 (48.9)

33 (54.1)

Total number

196

544

61

Birth weight

   

Mean (SD)

2.91 (0.35)

2.88 (0.43)

2.86 (0.36)

˂2500 g

17 (8.7)

59 (10.8)

4 (6.6)

≥2500 g

179 (91.3)

485 (89.2)

57 (93.4)

Gestational age at birth

   

˂37 weeks

5 (2.6)

21 (3.9)

2 (3.3)

≥37 weeks

191 (97.4)

523 (96.1)

59 (96.7)

Mode of delivery

   

Vaginal

189 (96.4)

513 (94.3)

59 (96.8)

EME C/S

6 (3.1)

27 (5.0)

1 (1.6)

ELE C/S

1 (0.5)

4 (0.7)

1 (1.6)

ROM

   

˂4 hours

182 (92.9)

507 (93.2)

57(93.4)

≥4 hours

13 (6.6)

33 (6.1)

3 (4.9)

No ROM

1(0.5)

4 (0.7)

1 (1.6)

Vaginal tear

   

Yes

50 (25.5)

133(20.8)

17 (27.9)

No

146 (74.5)

431 (79.2)

44 (72.1)

Infants’ oral thrush

   

Yes

3 (1.5)

10 (1.8)

3 (4.9)

No

193 (98.5)

534(98.2)

58 (95.1)

Infants’ oral sore

   

Yes

5 (2.6)

8 (1.5)

2 (3.3)

No

191 (97.4)

536 (98.5)

59 (96.7)

Mother’s age group in years

   

Mean (SD)

28.8 (5.4)

29.0(5.4)

28.9(5.6)

15 – 24

38 (19.4)

99 (18.2)

13 (21.3)

25 - 34

133 (67.9)

360 (66.2)

40 (65.6)

35 - 39

21 (10.7)

71 (13.1)

5 (8.2)

≥40

4 (2.0)

14 (2.6)

3 (4.9)

*Mothers’ CD4 count

   

(Cell/mm3)

176

490

55

Median (IQR)

408 (335–537.8)

403 (316–557)

377 (286–505)

˂ 200

10 (5.1)

39 (7.2)

6 (9.8)

200 – 349

41 (20.9)

119 (21.9)

13 (21.3)

359 – 499

79 (40.3)

178 (32.7)

21 (34.4)

≥500

46 (23.5)

154 (28.3)

15 (24.6)

Missing

20 (10.2)

54 (9.9)

6 (9.8)

*Mothers’ viral load

   

(Copies/ml)

175

474

56

Median (IQR)

200 (200–2198)

200 (200–1468.8)

200 (200–2775)

˂ 1000

117(59.7)

328 (60.3)

39 (63.9)

1000 – 9999

33 (16.8)

95 (17.5)

9 (14.8)

10,000 – 99, 999

19 (9.7)

41 (7.5)

6 (9.8)

≥100, 000

6 (3.1)

10 (1.8)

2 (3.3)

Missing

21 (10.7)

70 (12.9)

5 (8.2)

^PMTCT Intervention in the mother

   

HAART

188 (95.9)

505 (92.8)

58 (95.1)

ARV

8 (4.1)

39 (7.2)

3 4.9

*Mothers’ hemoglobin

   

˂10 g/dl

21 (10.7)

86 (15.8)

11 (18.0)

≥10 g/dl

175 (89.3)

458 (84.2)

50 (82.0)

§Mothers’ Parity

   

1

84(42.9)

263 (48.3)

28 (45.9)

2 – 4

81 (41.3)

237 (43.6)

28 (45.9)

≥5

31 (15.8)

44 8.1

5 8.2)

Mothers’ religion

188(95.9)

528 (97.1)

60 (98.4)

Christianity

8 (4.1)

16 (8.1)

1 (1.6)

Islam

   

Breast problems reported or diagnosed at any time between birth and the 6th month

   

Yes

4 (2.0)

14(2.6)

2 93.3)

No

196(98.0)

530 (97.4)

59 (96.7)

Mothers’ vital status at 18 month

   

Dead

2 (1.0)

5 (0.9)

0 (0)

Alive

194 (99.0)

539 (99.1)

61 (100)

Mothers’ level of education

   

None

52 (26.5)

109 (20.0)

13 (21.3)

Primary

44 (22.4)

133 (24.4)

12 (19.7)

Secondary

97 (49.5)

296 (54.4)

36 (59.0)

Tertiary

3 (1.5)

6 (1.1)

0 (0)

Mothers’ marital status

   

Without a partner

7 (3.6)

29 (5.3)

5 (8.2)

With a partner

189 (96.4)

515 (94.7)

56 (91.8)

Mothers/family monthly income

   

Below minimum wage (~105 USD)

149 (76.0)

409 (75.2)

52 (85.2)

Minimum wage and above

47 (24.0)

125 (24.8)

9 (14.8)

  1. Legends: N = number; SD = standard deviation; IQR = interquartile range; EME C/S = emergency caesarean section; ELE C/S = elective caesarean section; EBF = exclusive breast feeding; EBMS = exclusive breast milk substitute feeding; MF = mixed feeding; ROM = rupture of membrane; PMTCT = prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV; USD = united states dollars; * = pre-delivery values; ^= Most of these women (336) were already on HAART before conception, 290 were commenced on HAART at the first trimester and 25 and 100 mothers started HAART during the second and the third trimester respectively;§ = significant p values exist among primiparous women who opted for EBMS when compared with EBF alone (P value 0.008) as well as when compared with infants on EBF and MF (P value 0.04).