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Table 4 Naso/oropharyngeal swab test results from cases and controls

From: Severe acute respiratory infection in children in a densely populated urban slum in Kenya, 2007–2011

Pathogen

Cases, n (%) N = 731

Controls, n (%) N = 115

Adjusted OR** (95% CI)

Influenza A

79 (10.8%)

5 (4.3%)

2.57 (1.01-6.52)

Influenza B

19 (2.6%)

1 (0.9%)

3.06 (0.41-23.17)

Influenza A or B

97 (13.3%)

6 (5.2%)

2.71 (1.15-6.39)

Respiratory syncytial virus

155 (21.2%)

3 (2.6%)

10.15 (3.16-32.58)

Adenovirus

221 (30.2%)

27 (23.5%)

1.51 (0.94-2.42)

Parainfluenza virus 1

26 (3.6%)

1 (0.9%)

4.12 (0.55-30.69)

Parainfluenza virus 2

24 (3.3%)

5 (4.3%)

0.71 (0.26-1.9)

Parainfluenza virus 3

72 (9.8%)

5 (4.3%)

2.31 (0.91-5.85)

Any parainfluenza

115 (15.7%)

10 (8.7%)

1.87 (0.95-3.69)

Human metapneumovirus

91 (12.4%)

7 (6.1%)

2.12 (0.96-4.72)

Atypical bacteria

0 (0%)

0 (0.0%)

-

Rhinovirus/Enterovirus *

97 (47.5%)

24 (50.0%)

0.89 (0.46-1.71)

Parechovirus *

4 (1.9%)

1 (2.1%)

0.73 (0.08-6.85)

Positive > =1 virus

533 (72.9%)

61 (53%)

2.27 (1.51-3.42)

Positive >2 viruses

207 (28.3%)

17 (14.8%)

2.36 (1.36-4.11)

  1. *Rhino/enterovirus, parechovirus and atypical bacteria were only tested among a subset of patients. 204 swabs cases were tested among cases <5 years old; 48 controls were tested.
  2. **adjusted for age group (0–11, 12–23, 24–59 months) and season during which the swab was taken.
  3. January 1, 2009, − Feb 28 2011 Kibera, Nairobi Kenya.