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Table 2 Univariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated with vaginal Lactobacillus , and BV-related species presence 1

From: The significance of Lactobacillus crispatus and L. vaginalis for vaginal health and the negative effect of recent sex: a cross-sectional descriptive study across groups of African women

N = 426

 

L. crispatus

 

L. iners

 

L. vaginalis

 

G. vaginalis

 

A. vaginae

 

P. bivia

 

%

OR (CI)

%

OR (CI)

%

OR (CI)

%

OR (CI)

%

OR (CI)

%

OR (CI)

Country

 

p = 0.207

 

p = 0.084

 

p = 0.126

 

p = 0.006

 

p = 0.182

 

p = <0.001

Kenya

27.4

 

72.6

 

33.3

 

53.6

Ref

38.7

 

89.3

Ref

Rwanda

16.7

 

61.7

 

28.3

 

73.3

2.38(1.25,4.55)

51.7

 

85.0

0.68(0.29,1.61)

South Africa

22.2

 

76.3

 

23.7

 

50.0

0.87(0.57,1.31)

39.4

 

69.7

0.28(0.16,0.49)

Group

 

p = 0.580

 

p = 0.174

 

p = 0.591

 

p = 0.026

 

p = 0.190

 

p = <0.001

Reference group

25.3

 

72.4

 

28.1

 

49.8

Ref

38.2

 

82.9

Ref

Pregnant women

21.7

 

78.3

 

26.7

 

48.3

0.94(0.53,1.67)

33.3

 

83.3

1.03(0.48,2.21)

Adolescents

28.8

 

72.9

 

35.6

 

61.0

1.58(0.88,2.84)

49.2

 

61.0

0.32(0.17,0.61)

Intravaginal practices

16.7

 

86.7

 

16.7

 

53.3

1.15(0.54,2.48)

36.7

 

73.3

0.57(0.23,1.37)

Sex workers

16.7

 

60.0

 

26.7

 

76.7

3.32(1.37,8.05)

56.7

 

100

No estimate

HIV-positive women

16.7

 

63.3

 

30.0

 

70.0

2.35(1.03,5.37)

46.7

 

70.0

0.48(0.2,1.37)

Age

 

p = 0.376

 

p = 0.046

 

p = 0.554

 

p = 0.640

 

p = 0.556

 

p = <0.001

<18 years

28.8

 

72.9

Ref

35.6

 

61.0

 

49.2

 

61.0

Ref

18 – 24 years

20.3

 

77.0

1.25(0.63,2.49)

25.7

 

56.1

 

40.5

 

84.5

3.98(1.93,8.24)

25 – 29 years

21.7

 

75.4

1.14(0.57,2.27)

27.5

 

52.2

 

39.1

 

83.3

3.37(1.62,7.03)

30 years or more

28.4

 

60.5

0.57(0.28,1.18)

28.4

 

51.9

 

38.3

 

77.8

2.46(1.08,5.58)

Parity

 

p = 0.106

 

p = 0.001

 

p = 0.03

 

p = 0.418

 

p = 0.840

 

p = 0.164

0

27.5

 

76.5

Ref

34.2

Ref

54.4

 

40.3

 

75.2

 

1 – 2

19.2

 

75.7

0.96(0.59,1.56)

22.4

0.56(0.35,0.89)

57.0

 

42.1

 

83.2

 

>2

28.6

 

54.0

0.36(0.19,0.67)

33.3

0.96(0.51,1.79)

47.6

 

38.1

 

77.8

 

RTI 2

 

p = 0.014

 

p = 0.406

 

p = 0.031

 

p = 0.019

 

p = 0.003

 

p = 0.977

No RTI

25.8

Ref

72.0

 

30.3

Ref

52.1

Ref

37.7

Ref

79.6

 

1 or more RTI

12.3

0.40(0.19,0.85)

76.7

 

17.8

0.50(0.26,0.95)

67.1

1.88(1.10,3.19

56.2

2.12(1.27,3.53)

79.5

 

Nr of sexual partners last 3 months 3

 

p = 0.060

 

p = <0.001

 

p = 0.669

 

p = 0.033

 

p = 0.129

 

p = 0.053

0

42.3

 

42.3

Ref

30.8

 

34.6

Ref

30.8

 

76.9

Ref

1

22.5

 

75.8

4.27(1.89,9.64)

27.3

 

54.6

2.28(0.99,5.24)

40

 

78.0

1.07(0.41,2.74)

>1

20.0

 

66.7

2.73(1.01,7.37)

33.3

 

66.7

3.78(1.36,10.46)

53.3

 

93.3

4.2(0.95,18.54)

Seminal factor PSA present 4

 

p = <0.001

 

p = 0.464

 

p = <0.001

 

p = 0.259

 

p = 0.308

 

p = 0.128

No

32.1

Ref

70.9

 

34.6

Ref

52.1

 

38.5

 

82.9

 

Yes

13.2

0.32(0.19,0.54)

74.2

 

19.8

0.47(0.3,0.73)

57.7

 

43.4

 

76.9

 
  1. Results that remained significant (using a p = 0.05 cut-off) in the multivariate logistic regression are depicted in bold. 1: Univariate analysis with p-values from chi-squared tests; 2RTI: excluding HIV, HSV-2, Candida.3Data collected at the screening visit up to two months before the enrolment visit. 4Prostate specific antigen present in vaginal fluid, including weak reaction. RTI: reproductive tract infections.
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BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

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