Viral infections in outpatients with medically attended acute respiratory illness during the 2012–2013 influenza season

Zimmerman, Richard K; Rinaldo, Charles R; Nowalk, Mary Patricia; Balasubramani, GK; Moehling, Krissy K; Bullotta, Arlene; Eng, Heather F; Raviotta, Jonathan M; Sax, Theresa M; Wisniewski, Stephen

doi:10.1186/s12879-015-0806-2

Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics by virus type in 2012-2013

From: Viral infections in outpatients with medically attended acute respiratory illness during the 2012–2013 influenza season

		Virus type
	All (N = 819)^a	CoV (N = 111)		HRV (N = 48)		Influenza A, H3 (N = 211)		Influenza B (N = 60)		RSV (N = 102)		No Virus (N = 287)		pvalue
Variable	N	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Baseline Demographics and Health Characteristics (categorical responses)
Race														0.32
White	703	94	13.4	40	5.7	191	27.2	51	7.2	89	12.7	238	33.8
Black	71	11	15.5	5	7	10	14.1	3	4.2	7	9.9	35	49.3
Other	37	5	13.5	3	8.1	9	24.3	3	8.1	6	16.2	11	29.7
Sex														0.14
Male	304	33	10.9	21	6.9	90	29.6	24	7.9	40	13.1	96	31.6
Female	514	78	15.2	27	5.2	121	23.5	36	7	62	12.1	190	37.0
Hispanic														0.001
No	799	110	13.8	48	6	209	26.2	52	6.5	101	13	278	34.9
Yes	17	1	5.9	0	0	2	11.8	8	47	1	5.9	5	29.4
Age group														0.10
6 mos. – 17 years	222	32	14.4	14	6.3	59	26.6	16	7.2	38	17.1	63	28.4
18 – 49 years	346	54	15.6	19	5.5	86	24.8	26	7.5	30	8.7	131	37.9
≥50 years	250	25	10	15	6	66	26.4	18	7.2	34	13.6	92	36.8
Household members ≥ 18														0.41
1	154	26	16.9	8	5.2	35	22.7	7	4.6	17	11	61	39.6
2	454	58	12.8	30	6.6	117	25.8	36	7.9	65	14.3	148	32.6
≥3	210	27	12.8	10	4.8	59	28.1	17	8.1	20	9.5	77	36.7
Household members < 18														0.26
0	369	51	13.8	21	5.7	102	27.6	23	6.2	43	11.7	129	35.0
1	167	21	12.6	10	6	36	21.5	9	5.4	29	17.4	62	37.1
2	166	17	10.2	13	7.8	45	27.1	15	9	20	12.1	56	33.7
≥3	115	22	19.1	4	3.5	28	24.4	13	11.3	10	8.7	38	33.0
Social status														0.26
1-4	103	15	14.6	5	4.8	28	27.2	7	6.8	10	9.7	38	36.9
5	150	24	16	7	4.7	30	20	11	7.3	12	8	66	44.0
6	122	16	13.1	13	10.7	31	25.4	7	5.7	17	13.9	38	31.2
7 - 9	218	24	11	8	3.7	63	28.9	18	8.2	24	11	81	37.2
Smoking status														0.11
Smoker	108	18	16.7	7	6.5	27	25	6	5.5	4	3.7	46	42.6
Non-smoker	488	61	12.5	27	5.5	125	25.6	38	7.8	60	12	177	36.3
Household smoking														0.18
Yes	167	20	12	10	6	42	25.1	7	4.2	17	10.2	71	42.5
No	649	91	14	38	5.9	167	25.7	53	8.2	85	13.1	215	33.1
Asthma status														0.26
Yes	183	18	9.8	13	7.1	45	24.6	15	8.2	18	9.8	74	40.5
No	630	92	14.6	35	5.5	164	26	44	7	83	13.2	212	33.7
Influenza vaccination status														0.05
Yes	403	59	14.6	30	7.4	88	21.9	27	6.7	56	13.9	143	35.5
No	409	51	12.5	18	4.4	121	29.6	33	8.1	44	10.7	142	34.7
Self-reported health status														0.32
Fair/poor	49	6	12.2	3	6.1	9	18.4	1	2.1	5	10.2	25	51.0
Good	226	31	13.7	10	4.4	55	24.4	19	8.4	26	11.5	85	37.6
Very Good	323	45	13.9	19	5.9	86	26.6	31	9.6	42	13	100	31.0
Excellent	219	29	13.2	16	7.3	61	27.9	9	4.1	28	12.8	76	34.7
Current employment (age ≥18 years)														0.18
No	145	18	12.4	7	4.8	34	23.4	7	4.8	22	15.2	57	39.3
Yes	351	48	13.7	23	6.6	97	27.6	31	8.8	32	9.1	120	34.2
Attends school outside home (age <18 years)														0.02
No	34	6	17.6	4	11.7	4	11.7	1	2.9	11	32.3	8	23.5
Yes	148	18	12.2	9	6.1	49	33.1	13	8.8	20	13.5	39	26.3
Symptoms of ARI and Antiviral Use (categorical responses)
Fever														<.001
Yes	479	61	12.7	19	4**	164	34.2*	45	9.4	53	11.1^‡	137	28.6
No	339	50	14.7	29	8.5	47	13.9	15	4.4	49	4.5	149	44
Fatigue														<.001
Yes	634	87	13.7	30	4.7**	182	28.7	54	8.5	74	11.7	207	32.7
No	184	24	13	18	9.8	29	15.8	6	3.3	28	15.2	79	42.9
Wheezing														0.01
Yes	297	25	8.4	18	6.1	89	30*	23	7.7	45	15.1	97	32.7
No	521	86	16.5	30	5.8	122	23.4	37	7.1	57	10.9	189	36.3
Sore throat														0.11
Yes	589	84	14.3	37	6.3	164	27.8	39	6.6	71	12.1	194	32.9
No	229	27	11.8	11	4.8	47	20.5	21	9.2	31	13.5	92	40.2
Nasal congestion														0.12
Yes	711	101	14.2	45	6.3	183	25.7	51	7.2	93	13.1	238	33.5
No	107	10	9.4	3	2.8	28	26.2	9	8.4	9	8.4	48	44.8
Shortness of breath														0.52
Yes	352	49	13.9	19	5.4	90	25.6	33	9.4	43	12.2	118	33.5
No	466	62	13.3	29	6.2	121	26	27	5.8	59	12.7	168	36
Antiviral medication prescribed, (not including HRV) ^†														0.002
No	564	83	14.7	-	-	151	26.8	47	8.3	80	14.2	203	36
Yes	61	5	8.2	-	-	31	50.8	5	8.2	4	6.6	16	26.2
Baseline Demographics and Symptoms (continuous variables)
Variable	N	n	Mean (SD)	n	Mean (SD)	n	Mean (SD)	n	Mean (SD)	n	Mean (SD)	n	Mean (SD)	p value
Age	818	111	33.8 (21.4)	48	32.8 (21.2)	211	36.2 (22.3)	60	34.9 (20.6)	102	34.7 (20.6)	286	37.2 (21.3)	0.65
BMI	817	110	20.5 (14.2)	48	20.6 (14.0)	211	21 (14.3)	60	21.7 (13.9)	102	18.7 (15.2)	286	22.9 (13.4)	0.16
Temperature	559	72	98.7 (1.10)	26	98.6 (0.80)	161	99.6 (1.50)	44	99.8 (1.50)	62	98.9 (1.20)	194	98.9 (1.20)	<0.001
Days from onset to enrollment	818	111	3.23 (1.46)	48	3.35 (1.45)	211	2.82 (1.40)	60	3.38 (1.22)	102	3.55 (1.35)	286	3.71 (1.48)	<0.001
Severity of illness at enrollment (VAS), range = 1 - 100	818	111	62.2 (18.2)	48	64.9 (21.2)	211	55.7 (17.7)	60	56.3 (20.5)	102	61.3 (17.4)	286	61.3 (19.2)	0.002

^aN reflects the total number of participants, reduced by the number of co-detections and viruses with <20 detections.
*Significantly different from CoV in post-hoc comparisons P ≤ 0.001; post-hoc comparisons are based on a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparison (P < .003).
**Significantly different from Influenza A and B in post hoc comparisons, P ≤ 0.001.
^‡Significantly different from Influenza A in post hoc comparisons, P ≤ 0.001
^†Antiviral medication was never prescribed for those with HRV, leading to cells with zeroes in them.

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