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Table 2 Demographic and clinical characteristics associated with laboratory-confirmed tuberculosis among patients admitted with severe respiratory illness (acute and chronic) that were tested for tuberculosis and influenza at four sites in South Africa, June 2010- December 2011

From: Influenza virus infection is associated with increased risk of death amongst patients hospitalized with confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis in South Africa, 2010–2011

Characteristic

 

Laboratory confirmed tuberculosis n/N (%)

Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI)

P value

Adjusted odds ratios (95% CI)

P value

Age group (years)

0-4

55/571 (10)

Reference

 

Reference

 
 

5-24

47/270 (17)

1.97 (1.3-3.0)

0.001

1.36 (0.8-2.3)

0.233

 

25-44

249/1378 (18)

2.1 (1.5-2.8)

<0.001

1.37 (0.9-2.06)

0.120

 

45-64

90/611 (15)

1.6 (1.1-2.3)

0.008

1.11 (0.7-1.7)

0.628

 

65+

16/129 (12)

1.3 (0.7-2.4)

0.348

0.94 (0.5-1.9)

0.872

Site

Chris Hani Baragwanath

141/1618 (9)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Mapulaneng & Matikwana

23/144 (16)

1.99 (1.2-3.2)

0.005

1.4 (0.8-2.3)

0.228

Edendale

49/385 (13)

1.5 (1.1-2.2)

0.016

0.9 (0.6-1.4)

0.668

Klerksdorp/Tshepong

244/812 (30)

4.5 (3.6-5.6)

<0.001

1.9 (1.4-2.6)

<0.001

Influenza status

Negative

423/2650 (16)

Reference

   
 

Positive

34/309 (11)

0.7 (0.5-0.9)

0.023

  

HIV status

Negative

89/862 (10)

Reference

   
 

Positive

335/1877 (18)

1.9 (1.5-2.4)

<0.001

  

Underlying medical condition*

No

426/2652 (16)

Reference

   

Yes

31/307 (10)

0.6 (0.4-0.9)

0.007

  

Duration of symptoms prior to admission

<7

190/1884 (10)

Reference

   

≥7

255/1012 (25)

3.0 (2.4-3.7)

<0.001

  

Pneumococcal co-infection on PCR**

No

400/2435 (16)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Yes

18/214 (8)

0.5 (0.3-0.8)

0.003

0.5 (0.3-0.9)

0.016

Oxygen therapy

No

337/1869 (18)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Yes

120/1086 (11)

0.6 (0.4-0.7)

<0.001

0.7 (0.5- 0.9)

0.007

Receiving TB treatment at time of admission

No

25/158 (16)

Reference

   

Yes

10/49 (20)

1.4 (0.6-3.1)

0.456

  

Started on TB treatment

No

205/2301 (9)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Yes

251/647 (39)

6.5 (5.2-8.0)

<0.001

4.6 (3.5-6.0)

<0.001

Duration of hospitalisation (days)

≤7

279/1913 (14)

Reference

   

>7

174/1029 (17)

1.2 (0.96-1.6)

0.096

  

Season

Summer

57/366 (15)

Reference

   
 

Autumn

78/449 (17)

1.1 (0.8-1.6)

0.492

  
 

Winter

178/1027 (17)

1.1 (0.8-1.6)

0.441

  
 

Spring

144/1117 (13)

0.8 (0.6-1.1)

0.194

  

Died

No

421/2757 (15)

Reference

   
 

Yes

35/195 (18)

1.2 (0.8-1.8)

0.318

  
  1. HIV – human immunodeficiency virus; ICU– Intensive Care Unit, TB-Tuberculosis, CI – confidence interval.
  2. Analysis includes 2029 individuals with severe acute respiratory illness and 930 with severe chronic respiratory illness.
  3. *Underlying conditions included any of the following: Asthma, other chronic lung disease, chronic heart disease (valvular heart disease, coronary artery disease, or heart failure excluding hypertension), liver disease (cirrhosis or liver failure), renal disease (nephrotic syndrome, chronic renal failure), diabetes mellitus, immunocompromising conditions excluding HIV infection (organ transplant, immunosuppressive therapy, immunoglobulin deficiency, malignancy), neurological disease (cerebrovascular accident, spinal cord injury, seizures, neuromuscular conditions) or pregnancy. Comorbidities were considered absent in cases for which the medical records stated that the patient had no underlying medical condition or when there was no direct reference to that condition.
  4. **lyt A PCR positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae on blood specimen.
  5. Other variables that were evaluated but not presented in the table because they were not significant on univariate analysis were sex, influenza type, concurrent bacterial infection, antibiotic prescribed on admission, admission to intensive care unit, and smoking and alcohol intake for patients ≥12 years.
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BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

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