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Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients admitted with severe respiratory illness (acute and chronic), by tuberculosis testing status at four sites in South Africa, June 2010- December 2011

From: Influenza virus infection is associated with increased risk of death amongst patients hospitalized with confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis in South Africa, 2010–2011

Characteristic

 

Tested for tuberculosis n/N (%)

Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI)

P value

Adjusted odds ratios (95% CI)

P value

Age group (years)

0-4

571/3291 (17)

Reference

 

Reference

 
 

5-24

270 /587 (46)

4.05 (3.4-4.9)

<0.001

3.3 (2.6-4.1)

<0.001

 

25-44

1378/2473 (56)

5.99 (5.3-6.8)

<0.001

3.5 (3.0-4.2)

<0.001

 

45-64

611/1197 (51)

4.96 (4.3-5.7)

<0.001

3.2 (2.7-3.8)

<0.001

 

≥65

129/315 (39)

3.30 (2.6-4.2)

<0.001

2.6 (2.0-3.4)

<0.001

Sex

Female

1664/4077 (41)

Reference

   
 

Male

1295/3786 (34)

0.8 (0.7-0.8)

<0.001

  

Site

Chris Hani Baragwanath

1618/4437 (36)

Reference

 

Reference

 
 

Mapulaneng & Matikwana

144/749 (19)

0.4 (0.3-0.5)

<0.001

0.4 (0.3-0.5)

<0.001

 

Edendale

385/1156 (33)

0.9 (0.8-0.99)

0.046

0.7 (0.6-0.8)

<0.001

 

Klerksdorp/Tshepong

812/1521 (53)

1.99 (1.8-2.2)

<0.001

1.1 (0.95-1.3)

0.152

Influenza

Negative

2650/7098 (37)

Reference

   
 

Positive

309/765 (40)

1.1 (0.9-1.3)

0.097

  

HIV status

Negative

862/3410 (25)

Reference

 

Reference

 
 

Positive

1877/3523 (53)

3.4 (3.0-3.7)

<0.001

1.5 (1.3-1.7)

<0.001

Underlying medical condition*

No

2652/7041 (38)

Reference

   

Yes

307/821 (37)

0.98 (0.85-1.14)

0.879

  

Duration of symptoms prior to admission (days)

<7

1884/5957(32)

Reference

 

Reference

 

≥7

1012/1765 (57)

2.9 (2.6-3.2)

<0.001

1.3 (1.1-1.5)

0.003

Concurrent invasive bacterial infection**

No

653/1832 (36)

Reference

   

Yes

24/46(52)

1.96 (1.1- 3.5)

0.023

  

Pneumococcal

No

2435/6284 (39)

Reference

   

Infection***

Yes

214/434 (49)

1.5 (1.3-1.9)

<0.001

  

Receiving tuberculosis treatment at time of admission

No

158/292 (54)

Reference

<0.001

  

Yes

49/179 (27)

0.3 (0.2-0.5)

   

Started on treatment for tuberculosis

No

2301/6716 (34)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Yes

647/1108 (58)

2.7 (2.4-3.1)

<0.001

1.2 (1.0-1.4)

0.036

Antibiotics prescribed

No

77/332 (23)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Yes

2877/7515 (38)

2.1 (1.6-2.7)

<0.001

1.9 (1.4-2.5)

<0.001

Oxygen therapy

No

1869/5145 (36)

Reference

   
 

Yes

1086/2698 (40)

1.2 (1.1-1.3)

0.001

1.2 (1.0-1.3)

0.018

ICU admission

No

2936/7772 (38)

Reference

   
 

Yes

15/65 (23)

0.5 (0.3-0.9)

0.017

  

Duration of hospitalisation (days)

≤7

1913/5666 (34)

Reference

 

Reference

 

>7

1029/2143 (48)

2.9 (2.6-3.2)

<0.001

1.2 (1.1-1.4)

0.002

Died

No

2757/7321 (38)

Reference

Reference

  
 

Yes

195/509 (38)

1.02 (0.9-1.2)

0.769

  
  1. HIV – human immunodeficiency virus; ICU– intensive care unit, TB-Tuberculosis.
  2. *Underlying conditions included any of the following: Asthma, other chronic lung disease, chronic heart disease (valvular heart disease, coronary artery disease, or heart failure excluding hypertension), liver disease (cirrhosis or liver failure), renal disease (nephrotic syndrome, chronic renal failure), diabetes mellitus, immunocompromising conditions excluding HIV infection (organ transplant, immunosuppressive therapy, immunoglobulin deficiency, malignancy), neurological disease (cerebrovascular accident, spinal cord injury, seizures, neuromuscular conditions) or pregnancy. Comorbidities were considered absent in cases for which the medical records stated that the patient had no underlying medical condition or when there was no direct reference to that condition.
  3. **Concurrent invasive bacterial infections were defined as a bacterial pathogen isolated from blood, cerebrospinal fluid or another sterile site from a specimen taken within 48 hours of hospitalisation; organisms viewed as likely contaminants were excluded.
  4. ***Pneumococcal co-infection (lyt A PCR positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae on blood specimen).
  5. Other variables evaluated but not presented in the table because they were not significant on univariate analysis were, Oseltamivir treatment prescribed and smoking and alcohol intake for patients ≥12 years.