Table 2 Characteristics of included studies
From: A meta-analysis of ventriculostomy-associated cerebrospinal fluid infections
Study | Year | Country | Study Type | n (patients) | n (evd’s) | Length of treatment (mean no. days) | Age (mean) | Males (%) | Trauma (%) | Cerebrovascular (%) | Other indications (%) | Antibiotic-impregnated catheters (%) | Periprocedural a antibiotics (%) | Prophylactic b antibiotics (%) | Culture frequency | Infection definition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alleyne [31] | 2000 | USA | Retrospective | 308 | - | 9.3 | 46.6 | 50.6 | 27.9 | 50.3 | 21.8 | 0 | 100 | 67.9 | twice weekly | culture |
Arabi [36] | 2005 | Saudi Arabia | Retrospective | 84 | 99 | 7 | 34 | 78.6 | 63.1 | 21.4 | 15.5 | - | 59.6 | - | when indicated | culture or wccc + glucose + clinical signs |
Bota [35] | 2005 | Belgium | Retrospective | 638 | - | 9.5 | 41.3 | 56.9 | 23 | 62.2 | 14.7 | 0 | 100 | - | daily | culture + csfd + clinical |
Camacho [8] | 2011 | Brazil | Prospective | 119 | 130 | 7.1 | 44.4 | 48.7 | 26.9 | 53.8 | 19.3 | 0 | 73.1 | - | when indicated | unclear |
Chi [24] | 2009 | Taiwan | Retrospective | 155 | 197 | 18.8 | 58.1 | 63.2 | - | - | - | - | 100 | - | when indicated | culture |
Dasic [10] | 2006 | UK | Retrospective | 95 | 113 | 10.7 | 54.7 | 62.1 | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | unclear | culture |
Fichtner [28] | 2010 | Germany | Retrospective | 164 | - | 10 | 53.5 | 50 | - | 56.1 | - | 0 | 67.7 | 0 | thrice weekly | culture |
Hader [17] | 2000 | Canada | Retrospective | 157 | 160 | 5.6 | 8 | 0 | 40.8 | 7.6 | 51.6 | 0 | 100 | 43 | daily | culture + gram stain or multiple cultures |
Hoefnagel [2] | 2008 | Netherlands | Retrospective | 228 | - | 8.1 | 58 | 49.6 | 3.5 | 78.1 | 18.4 | 0 | 35.5 | - | thrice weekly | culture |
Holloway [25] | 1996 | USA | Retrospective | 584 | 866 | 7.5 | 29.9 | 77.2 | 100 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | when indicated | culture or wcc or csf glucose |
Khalil [9] | 2005 | UK | Retrospective | . | 24 | 12.3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | unclear | culture |
Kim [34] | 2012 | USA | Retrospective | 343 | - | 12.4 | 53.7 | 42 | - | 71 | - | 0 | 100 | 0 | when indicated | culture |
Kitchen [6] | 2011 | UK | Retrospective | 133 | 195 | 7.1 | 55 | 35.3 | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | unclear | culture |
Lemcke [20] | 2012 | Germany | Retrospective | 95 | 95 | 13.7 | 53.6 | 53.7 | 10.5 | 83.2 | 6.3 | 32.6 | 100 | 0 | tenth daily | culture |
Leverstein Van-Dall [21] | 2010 | Netherlands | Retrospective + Prospective | . | 363 | 9.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | unclear | cdc definition |
Lo [18] | 2007 | Australia | Retrospective | 199 | 269 | 8.2 | 41 | 64 | 74 | 26 | 0 | 0 | - | - | thrice weekly | cdc definition |
Lundberg [16] | 2000 | Sweden | Prospective | 157 | 157 | 7.4 | - | - | 24.8 | 51 | 24.2 | 0 | - | - | when indicated or at removal | culture |
Lwin [27] | 2012 | Singapore | Retrospective + Prospective | 234 | - | 7.8 | - | 65 | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | when indicated | culture |
Lyke [13] | 2001 | USA | Retrospective | 157 | 196 | 5.3 | 54.5 | 42.7 | 0 | 0 | 100 |  | 100 | 100 | when indicated | culture + wcc or glucose for low virulence organisms |
Mahe [7] | 1995 | France | Retrospective | 53 | 64 | 14.6 | 47.3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | daily | culture or wcc |
McLaughlin [19] | 2012 | USA | Retrospective | 75 | 97 | 13.7 | 59 | 34.7 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 100 | - | - | when indicated | cdc definition |
Moon [12] | 2007 | Korea | Retrospective | 112 | 174 | 8.3 | 48.5 | 63.4 | 63.4 | 26.8 | 9.8 | - | 100 | 100 | daily | culture + fever |
Park [29] | 2004 | USA | Retrospective | 595 | 770 | 8.6 | 51.3 | 51.3 | 12.6 | 66.7 | 20.7 | - | 100 | 100 | when indicated | culture |
Rafiq [15] | 2011 | Pakistan | Retrospective | 76 | - | 11.4 | 37.9 | 53.9 | - | - | - | 0 | 100 | 100 | when indicated | culture |
Rivero-Garvia [26] | 2011 | Spain | Retrospective | 534 | 648 | 10.2 | - | - | - | - | - | 42.8 | - | - | when indicated | unclear |
Roitberg [30] | 2001 | USA | Retrospective | 103 | - | 10.7 | - | 39.8 | 2.9 | 85.4 | 11.7 | - | - | - | daily | clinical + wcc |
Scheithauer [23] | 2009 | Germany | Prospective | 225 | - | 11.2 | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | when indicated | cdc definition |
Scheithauer [22] | 2010 | Germany | Prospective | 158 | - | 14.3 | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | thrice weekly | cdc definition |
Schodel [32] | 2012 | Germany | Retrospective | 166 | - | 17.1 | 58.7 | 44 | 9 | 86.1 | 4.8 | 0 | 100 | 0 | unclear | culture + clinical signs |
Schultz [11] | 1993 | USA | Prospective | 78 | 94 | 11.9 | 48.8 | 53.8 | 37.2 | - | - | 0 | - | 94.9 | unclear | culture |
Sloffer [33] | 2005 | USA | Retrospective | 100 | 113 | 11.4 | 55.6 | 39 | 8 | 72 | 20 | 100 | 100 | - | when indicated | culture |
Smigoc [5] | 2012 | Slovenia | Retrospective | 48 | - | 9.8 | - | - | - | 27.1 | - | - | - | - | unclear | culture or clinical signs |
Smith [4] | 1976 | USA | Retrospective | 56 | 65 | 4 | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 95.4 | 95.4 | unclear | culture |
Williams [14] | 2011 | Australia | Retrospective + Prospective | 382 | - | 5.4 | 46.1 | 60.2 | 32.2 | 38 | 29.8 |  | - | - | daily retro, third daily pros | culture |
Wyler [3] | 1972 | USA | Retrospective | 70 | 102 | 5 | 7.2 | - | 0 | 4.3 | 95.7 | 0 | - | 62.9 | insertion, withdrawal and when indicated | culture |