Table 3 Risk factors for anaemia after 12 months of ART use (n = 814)

Baseline characteristics

Age (years)

<35

1.00

0.166

≥35

1.01 (1.00-1.02)

Gender

Male

1.00

0.002

1.00

0.805

Female

1.78 (1.22-2.59)

1.06 (0.68-1.66)

WHO disease category

1/2

1.00

3/4

1.02 (0.94-1.11)

CD4 category (cells/μL)

≥100

1.00

0.576

<100

1.09 (0.80-1.49)

HIV viral load (log copies/mL)

<5.0

1.00

0.812

5.0-5.49

1.07 (0.75-1.54)

≥5.5

1.16 (0.72-1.86)

WHO anaemia severity

none

1.00

<0.001

1.00

<0.001

Mild

3.29 (1.95-5.55)

3.76 (2.14-6.62)

Moderate

5.56 (3.42-9.06)

5.44 (3.14-9.40)

severe

13.21 (6.00-29.10)

10.69 (4.52-25.28)

MCV (fL)

>100

1.00

0.093

80-100

1.10 (0.63-1.92)

<80

2.05 (0.96-4.35)

Time-updated characteristics

AZT exposure in first year of ART

AZT-free throughout

1.00

<0.001

1.00

0.009

Any AZT exposure

1.90 (1.32-2.73)

1.74 (1.15-2.62)

CD4 category (cells/μL)

≥100

1.00

0.349

<100

1.44 (0.68-3.01)

HIV viral load (copies/mL)

<1000

1.00

0.064

1.00

0.676

≥1000

1.91 (0.98-3.74)

1.18 (0.54-2.55)

MCV (fL)

>100

1.00

<0.001

1.00

<0.001

80-100

3.65 (2.50-5.32)

3.39 (2.23-5.17)

<80

13.13 (2.70-63.93)

12.60 (2.12-74.80)

TB disease status

TB free in first year of ART

1.00

0.441

Referred TB at ART initiation

0.95 (0.61-1.47)

TB in first year of ART

1.31 (0.95-2.01)