Table 3 Risk factors for congenital abnormalities

Maternal age at enrolment (n = 825)

 <20 years

14

1.7

2

14.3

0.43

 20-35 years

577

69.9

38

6.6

 ≥35 years

234

28.4

19

8.1

Maternal ethnic origin (n = 897)

 Caucasian

628

69.9

46

7.3

0.94

 Latino American

96

10.7

6

6.3

 Sub Saharan

155

17.3

9

5.8

 Other

18

2.1

1

5.5

Smoking during pregnancy (n = 680)

0.45

 Yes

270

39.7

17

6.2

 No

410

60.3

33

8.0

Alcohol during pregnancy (n = 696)

0.73

 Yes

34

4.9

3

8.8

 No

662

95.1

49

7.4

Drugs (cocaine, heroin, methadone) (n = 750)

0.78

 Yes

74

9.9

6

8.1

 No

676

90.1

49

7.2

Maternal diabetes (n = 876)

 Yes

51

5.8

6

11.8

0.16

 No

825

94.2

56

6.8

Maternal CD4 lymphocytes in 1st trimester (n = 554)

 <200 cells/μl

66

11.9

6

9.1

0.29

 200-500 cells/μl

238

43.0

14

5.9

 >500 cells/μl

250

45.1

24

9.6

Maternal viral load in 3rd trimester (n = 642)

 >50 copies/ml

173

26.9

16

9.2

0.92

 <50 copies/ml

469

73.1

28

6.0

Treatment in first trimester (n = 897)

1.00

 Yes

329

36.7

23

7.0

 No

568

63.3

39

6.8

Mother’s treatment group (n = 818)

0.24

 Untreated

78

9.5

6

7.7

 Monotherapy

10

1.2

1

10.0

 Dual therapy

21

2.6

4

19.0

 HAART including PI

476

58.2

31

6.5

 HAART not including PI

233

28.5

14

6.0

Gestational age (weeks) (n = 850)

0.07

 >37

656

77.2

40

6.1

 <37

194

22.8

19

9.8

Newborn sex (n = 890)

0.75

 Male

471

52.9

34

7.2

 Female

419

47.1

28

6.7

Birth weight (n = 863)

0.003

 >2,500 g

642

74.4

35

5.4

 <2,500 g

221

25.6

25

11.3