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Table 5 Age-specific symptoms/signs and laboratory features of patients with influenza, dengue, and other febrile illnesses

From: Use of simple clinical and laboratory predictors to differentiate influenza from dengue and other febrile illnesses in the emergency room

Variable

Age ≤18 years

Age >18 years

Inf vs. Den (Inf, n = 445; Den, n = 24)

Inf vs. OFI (Inf, n = 445; OFI, n = 130)

Inf vs. Den (Inf, n = 81; Den, n = 124)

Inf vs. OFI (Inf, n = 81; OFI, n = 45)

Symptom/signa (n [%])

    

Rhinorrhea

297 (66.7) vs. 0***

297 (66.7) vs. 65 (50)**

36 (44.4) vs. 0***

36 (44.4) vs. 8 (17.8)**

Cough

311 (69.9) vs. 3 (12.5)***

311 (69.9) vs. 94 (72.3)

45 (55.6) vs. 35 (28.2)***

45 (55.6) vs. 18 (40)*

Sore throat

163 (36.6) vs. 4 (16.7)

163 (36.6) vs. 27 (20.8)**

44 (54.3) vs. 20 (16.1)***

44 (54.3) vs. 16 (35.6)

Malaise

141 (31.6) vs. 14 (58.3)*

141 (31.6) vs. 8 (6.2)***

42 (51.9) vs. 81 (65.3)

42 (51.9) vs. 13 (28.9)*

Headache

125 (28.1) vs. 11 (45.8)

125 (28.1) vs. 21 (16.2)**

24 (29.6) vs. 51 (41.1)

24 (29.6) vs. 12 (26.7)

Vomiting/nausea

106 (23.8) vs. 8 (33.3)

106 (23.8) vs. 33 (25.4)

10 (12.3) vs. 35 (28.2)**

10 (12.3) vs. 4 (8.9)

Diarrhea

54 (12.1) vs. 3 (12.5)

54 (12.1) vs. 19 (14.6)

3 (3.7) vs. 12 (9.7)

3 (3.7) vs. 7 (15.6)*

Abdominal pain

34 (7.6) vs. 4 (16.7)

34 (7.6) vs. 14 (10.8)

6 (7.4) vs. 27 (21.8)**

6 (7.4) vs. 4 (8.9)

Joint pain

18 (4) vs. 6 (25)

18 (4) vs. 7 (5.4)

8 (9.9) vs. 68 (54.8)***

8 (9.9) vs. 3 (6.7)

Orbital pain

0 vs. 2 (8.3)**

0 (0) vs. 2 (1.5)

0 vs. 15 (12.1)**

0 vs. 0

Rashes

5 (1.1) vs. 11(45.8)***

5 (1.1) vs. 0

0 vs. 77 (62.1)***

0 vs. 0

Dyspnea

24 (5.6) vs. 1 (4.1)

24 (5.6) vs. 1 (0.8)*

17 (3.7) vs. 2 (1.6)***

17 (3.7) vs. 0**

Drowsiness

10 (2.2) vs. 0

10 (2.2) vs. 0

3 (3.7) vs. 0

3 (3.7) vs. 0

Seizures

6 (1.3) vs. 0

6 (1.3) vs. 0

2 (2.5) vs. 0

2 (2.5) vs. 0

Laboratory characteristics

    

Leukopenia (WBC <3.0 × 109 cells/L) (n/N [%])

6/231 (2.6) vs. 14/23 (60.8)***

6/231 (2.6) vs. 1/116 (0.8)

3/52 (5.8) vs. 68/123 (55.3)***

3/52 (5.8) vs. 3/36 (8.3)

Platelet count 149-100 × 109 cells/L (n/N [%])

24/189 (12.6) vs. 6/23 (26)

24/189 (12.6) vs. 2/106 (1.9)**

14/49 (28.6) vs. 21/123 (17.1)

14/49 (28.6) vs. 3/27 (11.1)

Platelet count <100 × 109 cells/L (n/N [%])

3/189 (1.6) vs. 12/23 (52.2)***

3/189 (1.6) vs. 2/106 (1.9)

4/49 (8.2) vs. 97/123 (78.9)***

4/49 (8.2) vs. 1/27 (3.7)

  1. Inf = influenza; Den = dengue; OFI = other febrile illnesses; WBC = white blood count; n/N = number of patients/total number of patients with data available.
  2. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.
  3. aAn individual patient might have more than one symptom/sign.