Let the sun shine in: effects of ultraviolet radiation on invasive pneumococcal disease risk in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Table 3 Associations Between Acute Environmental Exposures and Invasive Pneumococcal Disease by Case-Crossover Analysis.

	Incubation Period (1-3 Days Prior to Case Occurrence)			Prior to Incubation Period (4-6 Days Prior to Case Occurrence)
Exposure	OR	(95% CI)	P	OR	(95% CI)	P
Meteorological
Cooling Degree-Days (°C)	0.878	0.624-1.236	0.456	0.926	0.676-1.270	0.635
Maximum Temperature (°C)	1.036	0.855-1.256	0.717	0.997	0.822-1.209	0.974
Minimum Temperature (°C)	0.994	0.820-1.204	0.948	1.039	0.858-1.258	0.694
Atmospheric Pressure (kPa)	1.026	0.848-1.241	0.794	1.013	0.834-1.230	0.895
Precipitation (mm)	0.954	0.783-1.162	0.6400	0.897	0.731-1.101	0.300
Relative Humidity (%)	1.038	0.844-1.275	0.725	0.989	0.804-1.217	0.916
UV Index	1.148	0.944-1.396	0.168	1.061	0.874-1.289	0.548
Average Wind Speed (km/h)	0.900	0.737-1.098	0.298	1.045	0.851-1.283	0.6739
Air Quality
Sulphur Oxides (ppm)	0.747	0.603-0.925	0.007	1.425	0.952-1.425	0.138
Oxides of Nitrogen (ppm)	0.918	0.735-1.147	0.452	1.144	0.930-1.406	0.203
Carbon Monoxide (ppm)	0.925	0.751-1.139	0.461	0.996	0.809-1.227	0.971
PM10 (μg/m³)	0.215	0.732-3.999	0.215	1.199	0.523-2.750	0.668
Ozone (ppm)	1.018	0.830-1.249	0.861	0.904	0.730-1.118	0.351

NOTE: OR, odds ratio; ppm, parts per million; kPa, kilopascals; PM10, particulates 10 micrometers or less in diameter. Presented odds ratios are those associated with upper tertile of exposures during incubation period. No significant associations were detected in analyses using raw exposure data.

ISSN: 1471-2334