Table 2 Incidence of clinical symptoms in endemic and non-endemic regions and their association with urinary tract pathology as determined by ultrasound examination.

Breathlessness

No

81

120

1.26

0.79-2.04

0.4

177

21

1.10

0.54-2.03

0.7

Yes

20

40

52

7

Oedema

No

93

153

0.55

0.21-1.43

0.2

217

25

2.04

0.63-6.08

0.3

Yes

8

7

12

3

Pain on micturating

No

88

112

2.33

1.36-4.10

0.002

186

10

3.42

2.25-4.91

9 × 10^-8

Yes

13

48

43

18

Frequency

No

90

141

1.09

0.55-2.18

0.8

205

22

2.04

0.90-4.26

0.1

Yes

11

19

24

6

Urgency

No

91

110

3.16

1.72-5.94

0.00008

188

9

3.79

2.52-5.41

0.00007

Yes

10

50

41

19

Loin pain

No

68

84

1.45

1.06-2.03

0.02

133

17

0.94

0.55-1.42

0.8

Yes

33

76

96

11

Tired by midday

No

81

97

2.01

1.30-3.18

0.001

162

15

1.55

0.93-2.35

0.1

Yes

19

60

65

12

Self perceived frothy urine

No

94

133

2.43

1.14-5.33

0.02

203

20

2.52

1.23-4.74

0.02

Yes

7

27

26

8

Self perceived haematuria

No

95

122

4.00

1.82-9,01

0.001

198

15

3.43

1.98-5.94

0.0002

Yes

6

38

31

13