Variables | Model 0 (Empty model) | Model 1 (Child-level variables) | Model 2 (Mother-level variables) | Model 3 (Community-level variables) |
---|---|---|---|---|
 | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
Fixed effects | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Individual characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Sex of child | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Female |  | 1.02 (0.85-1.22) | 1.01 (0.83-1.22) | 1.00 (0.80-1.26) |
   Male |  | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Birth order/birth interval | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   First birth (order 1) |  | 1.03 (0.79-1.34) | 0.98 (0.72-1.33) | 0.99 (0.69-1.41) |
   Order 2-4 & <24 months |  | 1.00 (0.73-1.38) | 1.03 (0.73-1.44) | 0.89 (0.62-1.31) |
   Order 2-4 & 24-47 months |  | 1 | 1 | 1 |
   Order 2-4 & 48+ months |  | 0.78 (0.52-1.17) | 0.66 (0.43-1.01) | 0.65 (0.39-1.07) |
   Order 5+ & < 24 months |  | 0.51 (0.33-0.79)* | 0.54 (0.33-0.89) | 0.61 (0.34-1.09) |
   Order 5+ & 24-47 months |  | 0.85 (0.65-1.11) | 0.84 (0.60-1.18) | 0.87 (0.59-1.30) |
   Order 5+ & 48+ months |  | 0.98 (0.67-1.42) | 0.84 (0.54-1.32) | 0.70 (0.41-1.21) |
Mother's age | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   15-18 |  |  | 0.55 (0.27-1.11) | 0.45 (0.19-1.10) |
   19-23 |  |  | 0.99 (0.73-1.36) | 0.89 (0.62-1.29) |
   24-28 |  |  | 1 | 1 |
   29-33 |  |  | 0.98 (0.72-1.32) | 0.81 (0.57-1.16) |
   ≥ 34 |  |  | 1.33 (0.95-1.85) | 1.33 (0.91-1.94) |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Single |  |  | 1.18 (0.52-2.66) | 0.92 (0.35-2.40) |
   Currently married |  |  | 0.89 (0.53-1.49) | 0.67 (0.37-1.19) |
   Formerly married |  |  | 1 | 1 |
Ethnicity | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Hausa/Fulani/Kanuri |  |  | 1 | 1 |
   Igbo |  |  | 1.66 (1.15-2.41) | 2.47 (1.28-4.76) |
   Yoruba |  |  | 1.90 (1.29-2.81) | 1.47 (0.78-2.80) |
   Others |  |  | 1.68 (1.27-2.23) | 1.47 (0.96-2.25) |
Mothers' education | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   No education |  |  | 0.85 (0.62-1.16) | 0.85 (0.58-1.25) |
   Primary |  |  | 1.05 (0.79-1.39) | 1.04 (0.74-1.48) |
   Secondary or higher |  |  | 1 | 1 |
Mothers' occupation | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Prof./Tech./Manag. |  |  | 1 | 1 |
Clerical, sales, services, skilled manual | Â | Â | 0.62 (0.40-0.96) | 0.56 (0.34-0.93) |
   Agric. self., Agric. employee, household & domestic, unskilled manual |  |  | 0.81 (0.49-1.33) | 0.88 (0.49-1.60) |
   Not working |  |  | 0.68 (0.43-1.08) | 0.68 (0.40-1.16) |
Wealth index | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Poorest |  |  | 0.44 (0.29-0.65) | 0.35 (0.21-0.59) |
   Poorer |  |  | 0.49 (0.34-0.71) | 0.47 (0.27-0.81) |
   Middle |  |  | 0.66 (0.47-0.93) | 0.64 (0.42-0.97) |
   Richer |  |  | 0.63 (0.46-0.87) | 0.57 (0.39-0.84) |
   Richest |  |  | 1 | 1 |
Community characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Community mother's education | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Low |  |  |  | 0.76 (0.55-1.06) |
   Middle |  |  |  | 1 |
   High |  |  |  | 1.02 (0.73-1.41) |
Community hospital delivery | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Low |  |  |  | 0.62 (0.40-0.94) |
   Middle |  |  |  | 1 |
   High |  |  |  | 1.12 (0.75-1.68) |
Community prenatal care by doctor | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Low |  |  |  | 1.20 (0.79-1.84) |
   High |  |  |  | 1 |
Region of residence | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   North Central |  |  |  | 1.15 (0.69-1.91) |
   North East |  |  |  | 0.90 (0.48-1.70) |
   North West |  |  |  | 0.83 (0.42-1.67) |
   South East |  |  |  | 0.36 (0.18-0.73) |
   South South |  |  |  | 0.48 (0.26-0.87) |
   South West |  |  |  | 1 |
Random effects | Empty | Child-level | Mother-level | Community-level |
Community-level | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Variance (SE) | 0.393 (0.119)** | 0.567 (0.189)** | 0.210 (0.112) | 0.272 (0.133)* |
VPC (%) | 9.7 | 13.6 | 4.9 | 13.9 |
Explained variation (PVC) (%) | Reference | 44.3 | 63 | -29.5 |
Mother-level | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Variance (SE) | 0.382 (0.193)* | 0.296 (0.145)* | 0.790 (0.216)* | 0.576 (0.241)* |
VPC (%) | 9.4 | 7.1 | 18.4 | 13.9 |
Explained variation (PVC) (%) | Reference | 22.5 | -170 | 27 |
Model fit statistics | Â | Â | Â | Â |
DIC | 3341 | 3337 | 3158 | 2269 |