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Table 3 Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for multilevel logistic regression models

From: Inequitable childhood immunization uptake in Nigeria: a multilevel analysis of individual and contextual determinants

Variables

Model 0

(Empty model)

Model 1

(Child-level variables)

Model 2

(Mother-level variables)

Model 3

(Community-level variables)

 

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

Fixed effects

    

Individual characteristics

    

Sex of child

    

   Female

 

1.02 (0.85-1.22)

1.01 (0.83-1.22)

1.00 (0.80-1.26)

   Male

 

1

1

1

Birth order/birth interval

    

   First birth (order 1)

 

1.03 (0.79-1.34)

0.98 (0.72-1.33)

0.99 (0.69-1.41)

   Order 2-4 & <24 months

 

1.00 (0.73-1.38)

1.03 (0.73-1.44)

0.89 (0.62-1.31)

   Order 2-4 & 24-47 months

 

1

1

1

   Order 2-4 & 48+ months

 

0.78 (0.52-1.17)

0.66 (0.43-1.01)

0.65 (0.39-1.07)

   Order 5+ & < 24 months

 

0.51 (0.33-0.79)*

0.54 (0.33-0.89)

0.61 (0.34-1.09)

   Order 5+ & 24-47 months

 

0.85 (0.65-1.11)

0.84 (0.60-1.18)

0.87 (0.59-1.30)

   Order 5+ & 48+ months

 

0.98 (0.67-1.42)

0.84 (0.54-1.32)

0.70 (0.41-1.21)

Mother's age

    

   15-18

  

0.55 (0.27-1.11)

0.45 (0.19-1.10)

   19-23

  

0.99 (0.73-1.36)

0.89 (0.62-1.29)

   24-28

  

1

1

   29-33

  

0.98 (0.72-1.32)

0.81 (0.57-1.16)

   ≥ 34

  

1.33 (0.95-1.85)

1.33 (0.91-1.94)

Marital status

    

   Single

  

1.18 (0.52-2.66)

0.92 (0.35-2.40)

   Currently married

  

0.89 (0.53-1.49)

0.67 (0.37-1.19)

   Formerly married

  

1

1

Ethnicity

    

   Hausa/Fulani/Kanuri

  

1

1

   Igbo

  

1.66 (1.15-2.41)

2.47 (1.28-4.76)

   Yoruba

  

1.90 (1.29-2.81)

1.47 (0.78-2.80)

   Others

  

1.68 (1.27-2.23)

1.47 (0.96-2.25)

Mothers' education

    

   No education

  

0.85 (0.62-1.16)

0.85 (0.58-1.25)

   Primary

  

1.05 (0.79-1.39)

1.04 (0.74-1.48)

   Secondary or higher

  

1

1

Mothers' occupation

    

   Prof./Tech./Manag.

  

1

1

Clerical, sales, services, skilled

manual

  

0.62 (0.40-0.96)

0.56 (0.34-0.93)

   Agric. self., Agric. employee, household & domestic, unskilled manual

  

0.81 (0.49-1.33)

0.88 (0.49-1.60)

   Not working

  

0.68 (0.43-1.08)

0.68 (0.40-1.16)

Wealth index

    

   Poorest

  

0.44 (0.29-0.65)

0.35 (0.21-0.59)

   Poorer

  

0.49 (0.34-0.71)

0.47 (0.27-0.81)

   Middle

  

0.66 (0.47-0.93)

0.64 (0.42-0.97)

   Richer

  

0.63 (0.46-0.87)

0.57 (0.39-0.84)

   Richest

  

1

1

Community characteristics

    

Community mother's education

    

   Low

   

0.76 (0.55-1.06)

   Middle

   

1

   High

   

1.02 (0.73-1.41)

Community hospital delivery

    

   Low

   

0.62 (0.40-0.94)

   Middle

   

1

   High

   

1.12 (0.75-1.68)

Community prenatal care by doctor

    

   Low

   

1.20 (0.79-1.84)

   High

   

1

Region of residence

    

   North Central

   

1.15 (0.69-1.91)

   North East

   

0.90 (0.48-1.70)

   North West

   

0.83 (0.42-1.67)

   South East

   

0.36 (0.18-0.73)

   South South

   

0.48 (0.26-0.87)

   South West

   

1

Random effects

Empty

Child-level

Mother-level

Community-level

Community-level

    

Variance (SE)

0.393 (0.119)**

0.567 (0.189)**

0.210 (0.112)

0.272 (0.133)*

VPC (%)

9.7

13.6

4.9

13.9

Explained variation (PVC) (%)

Reference

44.3

63

-29.5

Mother-level

    

Variance (SE)

0.382 (0.193)*

0.296 (0.145)*

0.790 (0.216)*

0.576 (0.241)*

VPC (%)

9.4

7.1

18.4

13.9

Explained variation (PVC) (%)

Reference

22.5

-170

27

Model fit statistics

    

DIC

3341

3337

3158

2269

  1. Note: Model 0 contained no variables; Model 1 included child-level characteristics; Model 2 adjusted for mother-level characteristics; Model 3 additionally adjusted for community-level characteristics.
  2. Abbreviations: VPC = Variance partition coefficient; DIC = Deviance information criterion; SE = Standard error: OR = Odds ratio; CI = Confidence Interval.
  3. Data source: 2003 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey
  4. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001