Table 3 Proportion colonized with Staphylococcus aureus and bivariate predictors of colonization adjusted for clustering by community
From: Epidemiology and risk factors for Staphylococcus aureuscolonization in children in the post-PCV7 era
| Â | % colonized | Bivariate OR (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Year of Swab (N = 1,968) | Â | Â | 0.43 |
   2003–04 | 15.3% | 1.0 |  |
   2006–07 | 14.1% | 0.90 (0.70–1.17) |  |
Age group (N = 1,968) | Â | Â | <0.001 |
   <6 months | 16.8% | 0.59 (0.35–1.00) |  |
   6–<12 months | 10.7% | 0.36 (0.23–0.55) |  |
   1–<2 years | 9.4% | 0.31 (0.21–0.46) |  |
   2–<3 years | 12.0% | 0.40 (0.26–0.63) |  |
   3–<4 years | 13.9% | 0.47 (0.30–0.74) |  |
   4–<5 years | 18.6% | 0.68 (0.45–1.03) |  |
   ≥5 years | 25.4% | 1.0 |  |
Female (N = 1,968) | 13.7% vs. 15.7% | 0.85 (0.66–1.09) | 0.20 |
Race/ethnicity (N = 1,872) | Â | Â | 0.85 |
   White non-Hispanic | 14.3% | 1.0 |  |
   Black non-Hispanic | 16.3% | 1.15 (0.64–2.08) |  |
   Hispanic | 15.6% | 1.08 (0.65–1.80) |  |
   Other | 12.1% | 0.81 (0.44–1.51) |  |
Median household income in community (N = 1,869) | Â | Â | 0.76 |
   <$40,000 | 12.9% | 0.83 (0.54–1.27) |  |
   $40,000–$54,999 | 15.3% | 1.01 (0.70–1.45) |  |
   $55,000–$69,999 | 14.1% | 0.92 (0.62–1.35) |  |
   ≥$70,000 | 15.4% | 1.0 |  |
% community members with <high school educational level (N = 1,869) | Â | Â | 0.74 |
   <5% | 16.2% | 1.10 (0.74–1.64) |  |
   5–<10% | 13.4% | 0.88 (0.61–1.28) |  |
   10–<15% | 13.8% | 0.92 (0.66–1.29) |  |
   ≥15% | 15.0% | 1.0 |  |
Ever breastfed (N = 1,900) | 14.5% vs. 14.6% | 0.99 (0.75–1.30) | 0.94 |
Childcare or school for ≥4 hrs (N = 1,857) | 15.7% vs. 13.1% | 1.24 (0.95–1.60) | 0.11 |
Smokers in home (N = 1,784) | 15.5% vs. 13.8% | 1.16 (0.83–1.60) | 0.39 |
Family member works in hospital or long-term care facility (N = 1,888) | 11.9% vs. 15.0% | 0.76 (0.53–1.09) | 0.14 |
Antibiotics in past 2 months (N = 1,945) | Â | Â | <0.001 |
   Amoxicillin-clavulanate/cephalosporins/mupirocin/TMP-SMX | 8.0% | 0.42 (0.25–0.71) |  |
   Clindamycin/macrolides | 9.8% | 0.51 (0.24–1.08) |  |
   Amoxicillin/penicillin | 10.5% | 0.57 (0.39–0.83) |  |
   No antibiotics | 17.1% | 1.0 |  |
Antibiotics in past 6 months for a skin infection (N = 1,950) | 10.3% vs. 14.7% | 0.67 (0.20–2.22) | 0.51 |
History of chronic illness (N = 1,950) | Â | Â | Â |
   Asthma/RAD (N = 1,950) | 17.6% vs. 14.3% | 1.29 (0.88–1.91) | 0.20 |
   Skin condition (N = 974) | 17.0% vs. 13.9% | 1.27 (0.58–2.78) | 0.55 |
Diagnosis on day of visit (N = 1,950) | Â | Â | Â |
   Asthma/RAD | 20.6% vs. 14.3% | 1.57 (0.88–2.81) | 0.13 |
   Rash | 21.5% vs. 14.4% | 1.66 (0.91–3.03) | 0.10 |
   Otitis media | 12.0% vs. 15.0% | 0.77 (0.52–1.14) | 0.19 |
   Respiratory tract infection | 16.5% vs. 14.0% | 1.20 (0.90–1.59) | 0.22 |
   Skin/soft tissue infection | 7.1% vs. 14.7% | 0.43 (0.06–3.29) | 0.42 |
   Allergic rhinitis/seasonal allergies | 7.7% vs. 14.7% | 0.48 (0.06–3.70) | 0.48 |
Colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae (N = 1,964) | 12.4% vs. 15.5% | 0.78 (0.58–1.05) | 0.10 |
Pneumococcal vaccination (N = 1,950) | Â | Â | 0.08 |
   0 doses | 19.6% | 1.0 |  |
   1 dose | 17.7% | 0.87 (0.52–1.47) |  |
   2 doses | 13.9% | 0.67 (0.39–1.14) |  |
   3+ doses | 13.6% | 0.64 (0.44–0.93) |  |
Influenza vaccination prior to visit (N = 1,950) | 12.4% vs. 15.3% | 0.78 (0.57–1.06) | 0.11 |