Table 5 The prevalence and diagnostic characteristics of proxy indicators and clinical algorithms for identifying HIV infection in severely malnourished children
|  | Prevalence | OR | Sensitivity | Specificity | PPV†| NPV‡ | PLR$ | NLR& |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | (%) | (95%CI) | (%) | (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Individual proxy indicators, symptoms and signs | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
From widow headed household | 1.4 | 30.0(7.4–121.6) | 19 | 99.2 | 44.4 | 97.4 | 23.8 | 0.8 |
Looked after by grand-mother | 4.1 | 4.1(1.1–14.6) | 13.6 | 96.3 | 10.7 | 97.1 | 3.7 | 0.9 |
Orphan (one or both parents dead) | 5.0 | 10.8(4.1–28.5) | 31.8 | 95.8 | 20 | 97.7 | 7.6 | 0.7 |
From female headed household | 7.1 | 5.8(2.1–17.2) | 28.6 | 93.6 | 12.8 | 97.6 | 4.5 | 0.8 |
Symptoms and signs used in algorithms | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Child with tuberculosis | 1.4 | 9.2(1.8–47.7) | 10 | 98.8 | 20 | 97.4 | 8.3 | 0.9 |
Minor muco-cutaneous manifestations | 7.2 | 4.6(1.6–13.2) | 25 | 93.3 | 10 | 97.6 | 3.7 | 0.8 |
Variables associated with HIV in the present study | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Death of the father | 3.1 | 15.6(4.7–49.9) | 27.3 | 97.6 | 27.3 | 97.6 | 11.4 | 0.7 |
Age < 12 months or age > 59 months | 13.6 | 3.7(1.4–9.5) | 35 | 85.2 | 8.8 | 97.5 | 2.4 | 0.8 |
MUAC < 110 mm | 29.6 | 3.5(1.9–10.2) | 61.1 | 71.3 | 5.9 | 98.4 | 2.1 | 0.5 |
Absence of oedema | 17.1 | 2.9(1.1–7.7) | 36.4 | 83.7 | 8.3 | 93 | 2.2 | 0.8 |
Axillary nodes enlargement | 4.8 | 6.7(1.7–26.4) | 23.1 | 95.7 | 13.6 | 97.7 | 5.4 | 0.8 |
Algorithm and combinations | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
South-African IMCI modified algorithm for paediatric HIV diagnosis | Â | Â | 20.0 | 94.5 | 8.7 | 97.8 | 3.6 | 0.8 |
Original IMCI algorithm | Â | Â | 9.1 | 96.7 | 8.0 | 97.1 | 2.8 | 0.9 |
Action Against Hunger algorithm | Â | Â | 60.0 | 62.1 | 3.5 | 98.3 | 1.6 | 0.6 |
   Presence one or more proxy indicators and MUAC < 110 mm |  | 95.5 | 54.5 | 7.1 | 99.7 | 2.1 | 0.1 | |