Molecular epidemiology of drug-resistant malaria in western Kenya highlands

BMC Infectious Diseases

Table 1 Frequencies of mutations in genes associated with resistance to chloroquine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in P. falciparum parasites from symptomatic and asymptomatic volunteers in western Kenya.

Gene	Mutation	Polymorphism	Kombewa		Kakamega		Kisii
			S*	A*	S	A	S	A
pfcrt	K76T	Mutant	87	81	86	77	75	70
		Mixed	7	15	6	9	8	10
		Wild-type	6	4	8	14	17	20
Pfmdr1	N86Y	Mutant	28	41	28	39	10	23
		Mixed	44	22	45	37	40	18
		Wild-type	28	37	27	24	50	59
	Y184F	Mutant	24	15	7	5	11	26
		Mixed	26	30	23	26	33	19
		Wild-type	50	55	70	69	56	55
	D1246Y	Mutant	24	37	40	28	42	24
		Mixed	42	30	36	44	21	29
		Wild-type	34	33	24	28	37	47
pfdhfr	N51I	Mutant	98	96	98	98	96	95
		Mixed	0	0	0	0	0	0
		Wild-type	2	4	2	2	4	5
	C59R	Mutant	81	75	88	79	90	86
		Mixed	4	10	2	7	2	0
		Wild-type	15	15	10	14	8	14
	S108N	Mutant	100	100	100	100	100	100
		Mixed	0	0	0	0	0	0
		Wild-type	0	0	0	0	0	0
pfdhps	S436F	Mutant	4	2	4	4	2	2
		Mixed	0	0	0	0	0	0
		Wild-type	96	98	96	96	98	98
	A437G	Mutant	94	95	92	93	88	93
		Mixed	4	5	4	7	2	0
		Wild-type	2	0	4	0	10	7
	K540E	Mutant	88	95	92	91	88	93
		Mixed	10	5	4	9	2	0
		Wild-type	2	0	4	0	10	7

* S – symptomatic; A – asymptomatic.
Note: No mutations were detected at the following codons: pfdhfr (A16V, C50R and I164L); pfdhps (S436A, A581G and A613S); and pfmdr1 (S1034 and N1042D).

ISSN: 1471-2334