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Table 2 Univariate analyses on risk factors for cervicitis (C trachomatis and/or N gonorrhoeae) among 703 antenatal care attendees in Gaborone, Botswana

From: Chlamydia and gonorrhoea in pregnant Batswana women: time to discard the syndromic approach?

 

No.

Women with cervicitis

Odds ratio

Confidence interval

p-value

  

No.

(%)

 

(95%)

 

Sociodemographic factors

      

Age groups

      

   < 20

76

17

(22)

9.1

3.4–24.1

0.000

   20–29

432

44

(10)

3.6

1.5–8.5

0.004

   30+

195

6

(3)

1

  

Education

      

   Primary school or less

168

17

(10)

1

  

   Junior secondary school

310

36

(12)

1.2

0.6–2.2

0.620

   Senior secondary or higher

225

14

(6)

0.6

0.3–1.2

0.160

Marital status

      

   Married

114

2

(2)

1

  

   Unmarried

589

65

(11)

6.9

1.7–28.7

0.008

Partners last 12 months

      

   One partner

671

64

(10)

1

  

   Two or more

32

3

(9)

1.0

0.3–3.3

0.976

Time in relationship

      

   One year or less

118

19

(16)

2.5

1.4–4.6

0.003

   1 to 2 years

137

16

(12)

1.7

0.9–3.2

0.094

   >2 years

448

32

(7)

1

  

Subjective symptoms

      

Vaginal discharge

      

   No

584

55

(9)

1

  

   Yes

119

12

(10)

1.1

0.6–2.1

0.822

Lower abdominal pain

      

   No

650

63

(10)

1

  

   Yes

53

4

(8)

0.8

0.3–2.2

0.610

Thinks she has an infection

      

   No

638

58

(9)

1

  

   Yes

65

9

(14)

1.6

0.8–3.4

0.217

Clinical signs

      

Vaginal discharge

      

   Negative

476

37

(8)

1

  

   Positive

227

30

(11)

1.8

1.1–3.0

0.023

Candida-like discharge

      

   Negative

622

61

(10)

1

  

   Positive

81

5

(6)

0.6

0.2–1.5

0.279

Moderate or profuse discharge

      

   Negative

447

34

(8)

1

  

   Positive

256

33

(13)

1.8

1.1–3.0

0.023

Yellow discharge

      

   Negative

438

38

(9)

1

  

   Positive

265

29

(11)

1.3

0.8–2.2

0.322

Thin/runny discharge

      

   Negative

615

48

(8)

1

  

   Positive

88

19

(22)

3.3

1.8–5.9

0.000

Foamy discharge

      

   Negative

590

  

1

  

   Positive

113

19

(17)

2.3

1.3–4.1

0.005

Smelly discharge

      

   Negative

659

58

(9)

1

  

   Positive

44

9

(21)

2.7

1.2–5.8

0.014

Cervical bleeding/erythroplaquia

      

   Negative

520

45

(9)

1

  

   Positive

183

22

(12)

1.4

0.8–2.5

0.184

Laboratory analyses

      

Urine stix (nitritis/leucocytes)

      

   Negative

609

59

(10)

1

  

   Positive

94

8

(9)

0.9

0.4–1.9

0.718

WBC in cervical smear

      

   None/few

124

5

(4)

1

  

   1+

267

22

(8)

2.1

0.8–5.8

0.135

   2+

171

18

(11)

2.8

1.0–7.8

0.048

   3–4+

140

22

(16)

4.4

1.6–12.1

0.004

Candida (microscopy or culture)

      

   Negative

287

26

(9)

1

  

   Positive

416

41

(10)

1.1

0.7–1.8

0.724

Trichomoniasis

      

   Negative

571

41

(7)

1

  

   Positive

132

26

(20)

3.2

1.9–5.4

0.000

Bacterial vaginosis (BV)

      

   Negative

435

40

(9)

1

  

   Positive

268

27

(10)

1.1

0.7–1.9

0.700