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Table 1 Blood concentration of ethanol and acetaldehyde (mg/L) before and after 20 hygienic hand disinfections
| Hand rub | Substance | Before first application | Time after last application | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2.5 min | 5 min | 10 min | 20 min | 30 min | 60 min | 90 min | |||
| A | Ethanol | 0.11 (0.09–0.12) | 1.40 (01.22–1.58) | 3.30 (3.22–3.38) | 5.80 (5.52–6.08) | 8.55 (8.06–9.04) | 20.95 (20.46–21.34) | 16.60 (16.21–16.99) | 10.10 (9.83–10.37) |
| Acetaldehyde | 0.10 (0.01–0.10) | 0.20 (0.19–0.21) | 0.25 (0.24–0.26) | 0.20 (0.18–0.22) | 0.30 (0.29–0.31) | 0.50 (0.47–0.54) | 0.40 (0.39–0.41) | 0.20 (0.19–0.21) | |
| B | Ethanol | 0.07 (0.06–0.08) | 1.30 (1.01–1.59) | 2.60 (2.34–2.86) | 4.10 (3.79–4.40) | 5.65 (5.42–5.88) | 11.45 (11.17–11.73) | 5.10 (4.83–5.37) | 4.30 (4.21–4.32) |
| Acetaldehyde | 0.10 (0.10–0.10) | 0.50 (0.47–0.51) | 0.35 (0.34–0.36) | 0.30 (0.28–0.32) | 0.40 (0.38–0.42) | 0.40 (0.39–0.41) | 0.40 (0.39–0.41) | 0.30 (0.29–0.31) | |
| C | Ethanol | 0.07 (0.05–0.08) | 1.00 (0.76–1.24) | 0.60 (0.37–0.82) | 1.10 (0.89–1.31) | 4.05 (3.85–4.25) | 6.90 (6.76–7.04) | 3.00 (2.87–3.13) | 1.50 (1.42–1.58) |
| Acetaldehyde | 0.10 (0.10–0.10) | 0.40 (0.39–0.41) | 0.30 (0.29–0.31) | 0.50 (0.49–0.51) | 0.40 (0.38–0.42) | 0.60 (0.59–0.61) | 0.45 (0.44–0.46) | 0.30 (0.28–0.32) | |
