Table 2 Demographic features and risk factors associated with seroprevalence of anti-Hepatitis C in children
Anti-Hepatitis C antibody | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk Factor | Positive n (%) | Negative n (%) | Odds Ratio (OR) 95% confidence interval (CI) | P value |
Therapeutic Injections | ||||
Yes | 28 (50.9) | 1783 (51.3) | ||
No | 27 (49.1) | 1695 (48.7) | 0.9 (0.6 – 1.6) | 0.958 |
Use of new needle & and syringe | ||||
Yes | 28 (50.9) | 1710 (49.2) | ||
No | 27 (49.1) | 1768 (50.8) | 1.0 (0.6 – 1.8) | 0.798 |
No: of Injections in the last year | ||||
<2 injections | 7(38.9) | 368 (27.7) | Reference | |
2–5 injections | 4 (22.2) | 471 (35.5) | 0.4 (0.1 – 1.5) | |
>5 injections | 7 (38.9) | 489 (36.8) | 0.8 (0.3 – 2.2) | 0.427 |
Received Blood Transfusion | ||||
Yes | 2 (3.7) | 50 (1.4) | ||
No | 53 (96.3) | 3428 (98.6) | 2.6 (0.6 – 10.9) | 0.179 |
Hospitalized | ||||
Yes | 12 (21.8) | 594 (17) | ||
No | 43 (78.2) | 2884(83) | 1.4 (0.7 – 2.6) | 0.355 |
Family member died of Liver disease | ||||
Yes | 8(14.5) | 360 (10.3) | ||
No | 47 (85.5) | 3118 (89.7) | 1.5 (0.7 – 3.1) | 0.312 |
Diagnosis in Family member | ||||
HCV | 1 (12.5) | 12 (3.4) | ||
HBV | 0 | 37 (10.5) | - | |
Jaundice | 7(87.5) | 304 (86.1) | 0.380 | |
Previous Immunization | ||||
Vaccinated | 47 (85.5) | 3008 (86.5) | ||
Non-Vaccinated | 8 (14.5) | 470 (13.5) | 0.9 (0.4 – 2.0) | 0.842 |
Place vaccinated | ||||
Private Sector | 14 (25.5) | 1023 (29.4) | Reference | |
Govt. Sector | 33 (60) | 1987 (57.1) | 1.2 (0.6 – 2.3) | |
None | 8 (14.5) | 469(13.5) | 1.2 (0.5 – 3.0) | 0.930 |
Visit to Barber Shop | ||||
Yes | 45 (81.8) | 2816 (81) | ||
No | 10 (18.2) | 662 (19) | 1.1 (0.5 – 2.1) | 0.873 |
Received cuts at Barber Shop | ||||
Yes | 7 (15.6) | 690 (24.5) | ||
No | 38 (84.4) | 2126 (75.5) | 0.6 (0.3 – 1.3) | 0.165 |
Child's ear/nose pierced | ||||
Yes | 19 (34.6) | 1296 (37.2) | ||
No | 36 (65.4) | 2182 (62.8) | 0.9 (0.5 – 1.6) | 0.679 |
Dental treatment | ||||
Yes | 1 (1.9) | 106 (3) | ||
No | 54 (98.1) | 3372 (97) | 0.6 (0.1 – 4.3) | 0.598 |
Father education status | ||||
Educated | 36 (65.5) | 2298 (66) | ||
Non-Educated | 19 (34.5) | 1180 (34) | 1.0 (0.6 – 1.8) | 0.924 |
Mother education status | ||||
Educated | 24 (43.7) | 1965 (56.5) | ||
Non-Educated | 31 (56.3) | 1513 (43.5) | 1.7 (0.9 – 2.9) | 0.056 |
Ethnic Origin | ||||
Sindhi | 1 (1.8) | 86 (2.5) | Reference | |
Balochi | 3 (5.5) | 142 (4) | 1.8 (0.2 – 17.7) | |
Punjabi | 16 (29) | 990 (28.5) | 1.4 (0.2 – 10.6) | |
Pathan | 4 (7.3) | 179 (5.1) | 1.9 (0.2 – 17.5) | 0.568 |
Muhajirs | 23 (41.8) | 1792 (51.5) | 1.1 (0.1 – 8.3) | |
Others | 8 (14.6) | 289 (8.4) | 2.4 (0.3 – 19.3) | |
Age Group (years) | ||||
<= 5 | 13 (23.5) | 919 (26.4) | Reference | |
6–9 | 14 (25.5) | 931 (26.8) | 1.1 (0.5 – 2.3) | |
10–13 | 14 (25.5) | 936 (27) | 1.1 (0.5 – 2.3) | |
> 13 | 14 (25.5) | 692 (19.8) | 1.4 (0.7 – 3.1) | 0.783 |
Gender | ||||
Boys | 32 (58.2) | 1794 (51.6) | ||
Girls | 23 (41.8) | 1684 (48.4) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | 0.331 |