From: Seroprevalence of hepatitis A infection in a low endemicity country: a systematic review
Risk factor | n | Risk Measure | Risk Estimate (95% CI) | Population, Location, Timing of Data Acquisition | Age in years | Study |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DEMOGRAPHICS |  |  |  |  | Mean ± SD or (range) |  |
Female versus Male | 1003 | AOR | 2.2 (0.8, 6.25) | School-aged children, Canada, 2003 | (8–13) | [48] |
Female versus Male | 3128 | AOR | 0.8 (0.6, 0.96) | CV or high risk diabetes, Canada, 1993–5 | 65 | [34] |
Female versus Male | 494 | AOR | 1.3 (0.8, 2.3) | SY, MSM, IDU, Vancouver, 1998 | 32 ± 11 | [25] |
Female versus Male | 4158 | URR | 1.0 (0.9. 1.1) [p = 0.30]* | 9 population comparisons from 5 studies | (8–65+) | [31,35,41,49,54] |
Urban versus Rural | 647 | URR | 1.3 (1.2, 1.5) [p = 0.59]* | 3 population comparisons from 2 studies | (16–76) | [41,46] |
Born in high risk country versus born in Canada | 494 | AOR | 2.9 (1.1, 7.6) | SY, MSM, IDU, Vancouver, 1998 | 32 ± 11 | [25] |
Born in endemic country versus born in Canada | 1003 | AOR | 22.3 (6.6, 75.0) | School-aged children, Canada, 2003 | (8–13) | [48] |
Foreign-born versus Canadian-born | 353 | AOR | 6.2 (2.6, 15.0) | Gay men, Montreal, 1995–97 | 36 | [28] |
Born in a high-income country versus moderate to low†| 492 | AOR | 20.8 (9.4, 46.0) | Day-care educators, Montreal, 2001 | 37 | [23] |
Foreign-born versus Canadian-born | 3008 | URR | 5.7 (3.6, 9.0) [p < 0.01]* | 5 population comparisons from 5 studies | (2–69+) | [30,31,49,51,53] |
TRAVEL TO HIGH RISK AREA | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Travel to high risk area versus otherwise | 1003 | AOR | 1.4 (0.4, 4.8) | School-aged children, Canada, 2003 | (8–13) | [48] |
Travel to high risk areas versus otherwise | 407 | URR | 2.8 (1.4, 5.5) | Canadian-born adults, Vancouver, 2003 | (20–39) | [49] |
Ever travelled to a developing country‡ | 492 | AOR | 2.4 (1.3, 4.2) | Day-care educators, Montreal, 2001 | 37 | [23] |
HIGH RISK ACTIVITIES | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
MSM versus heterosexuals | 494 | AOR | 2.4 (0.9, 6.1) | SY, MSM, IDU, Vancouver, 1998 | (25–34) | [25] |
Sexual partners with VH history versus otherwise | 420 | AOR | 13.8 (4.2, 45.2) | Street youths, Montreal, 1995–6 | (14–25) | [30] |
Insertive anal penetration versus otherwise | 420 | AOR | 5.1 (1.6, 16.7) | Street youths, Montreal, 1995–6 | (14–25) | [30] |
History of STD versus no history | 500 | AOR | 2.0 (1.2, 3.3) | Street people, Winnipeg, 1995–6 | 26 (11–65) | [29] |
History of IDU versus no history | 494 | AOR | 6.5 (1.6, 26.3) | SY, MSM, IDU, Vancouver, 1998 | (25–34) | [25] |
History of IDU versus no history | 500 | AOR | 1.6 (0.99, 2.7) | Street people, Winnipeg, 1995–6 | 26 (11–65) | [29] |
FIRST NATIONS AND INUIT | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Native versus Non-native | 1003 | AOR | 5.2 (1.0, 26.0) | School-aged children, Canada, 2003 | (8–13) | [48] |
Aboriginal versus Non-aboriginal | 500 | AOR | 6.6 (3.8, 11.5) | Street people, Winnipeg, 1995–6 | 26 (11–65) | [29] |
Inuit versus white in NWT | 708 | URR | 4.5 (2.4, 8.5) | Inuits, Baker Lake, NWT, 1980 | (0.3–86) | [39,40] |
4+ versus 1–3 household occupants | 635 | URR | 1.1 (0.98, 1.3) | Canadian Inuit, Baker Lake, 1980 | (0.3–86) | [39,40] |
OTHERS | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Years working in day-care, 5-year groups§ | 339 | AOR | 1.3 (1.0, 1.8) | Canadian-born day-care educators, Montreal, 2001 | 34 | [23] |
History of daycare versus no history | 1278 | URR | 1.2 [0.7, 2.2] [p = 0.30]* | 2 population comparisons from 2 studies | 8–13 | [31,48] |
Sewer workers versus controls|| | 228 | URR | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) | Sewer workers, Quebec City, 1993 | 41 (28–64) | [33] |
3+ versus 0–3 siblings | 502 | URR | 2.0 (1.7, 2.5) | Travel clinic, Edmonton, 1991–2 | (16–60+) | [54] |
Current household income <20,000/yr¶ | 153 | AOR | 5.3 (1.2, 24.2) | Foreign-born day-care educators, Montreal, 2001 | 39.7 | [23] |
Annual family income <30,000 vs ≥30,000 | 1057 | URR | 0.7 (0.3, 2.0) | School-aged children, Canada, 2003 | (8–13) | [48] |