Table 1 Characteristics of adults presenting with pulmonary tuberculosis in Zomba, Malawi – by plasma HIV load
Characteristic1 | HIV negative | HIV positive* Plasma HIV Load (copies/mL) | P-value** | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | ≤ 133 200 | 133 200 – 406 000 | > 406 000 | ||
n = 222 | n = 185 | n = 186 | n = 186 | ||
Sex (% Female) | 45.9 | 63.2 | 58.1 | 55.9 | 0.07 |
Age (years) | 33 ± 12 | 32 ± 12 | 33 ± 12 | 33 ± 12 | 0.01 |
Body mass index (BMI) (wt/ht2) | 18.6 ± 2.9 | 19.0 ± 2.6 | 18.3 ± 3.0 | 17.3 ± 2.7 | 0.0001 |
Wasting:2 No, BMI ≥ 18.5 | 42.3 | 51.4 | 41.9 | 30.1 | 0.005 |
Mild, BMI 17.0–18.49 (%) | 32.0 | 27.0 | 22.6 | 24.2 | 0.04 |
Moderate, BMI 16.0–16.99 (%) | 13.1 | 10.3 | 17.2 | 18.8 | 0.04 |
Severe, BMI <16.0 (%) | 12.6 | 11.4 | 18.3 | 26.9 | 0.001 |
Retinol (μmol/L) | 0.636 (0.367, 1.104) | 0.603 (0.336, 1.085) | 0.585 (0.321, 1.066) | 0.522 (0.157, 1.738) | 0.001 |
Vitamin A deficiency, retinol <0.70 μmol/L (%)3 | 58.6 | 57.3 | 64.0 | 66.7 | 0.05 |
Total Carotenoids (μmol/L)4 | 0.846 (0.490, 1.459) | 0.795 (0.476, 1.329) | 0.700 (0.385, 1.279) | 0.509 (0.279, 0.929) | 0.0001 |
α-tocopherol (μmol/L) | 15.18 (11.71, 19.65) | 14.90 (11.60, 19.16) | 15.66 (11.85, 20.71) | 16.07 (11.53, 22.40) | 0.02 |
Vitamin E def., α-tocopherol <11.6 μmol/L (%)3 | 13.1 | 14.6 | 11.8 | 12.4 | 0.67 |
Zinc (μmol/L) | 8.95 (7.01, 11.43) | 8.83 (6.94, 11.25) | 8.49 (6.44, 11.19) | 9.15 (6.47, 12.94) | 0.82 |
Zinc deficiency, zinc <11.5 μmol/L (%)3 | 84.2 | 88.1 | 87.6 | 77.4 | 0.09 |
Selenium (μmol/L) | 0.687 ± 0.23 | 0.664 ± 0.22 | 0.624 ± 0.22 | 0.559 ± 0.21 | 0.0001 |
Selenium deficiency, selenium<0.89 μmol/L(%)3 | 79.7 | 84.9 | 90.3 | 92.5 | 0.001 |