From: HIV infection and risk factors among Bangkok prisoners, Thailand: a prospective cohort study
Factors | Anti-HIV positivity N (%) | Unadjusted OR | 95 % CI | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||
Age (years, median) | ||||
≤ 32 | 93/378 (24.6) | 1.00 | ||
>32 | 82/311 (26.4) | 1.10 | 0.78–1.55 | 0.60 |
Marital status | ||||
Single | 74/293 (25.3) | 1.00 | ||
Ever married | 101/396 (25.5) | 1.01 | 0.72–1.43 | 0.94 |
Home town | ||||
Bangkok/suburbs | 81/334 (24.3) | 1.00 | ||
Other places | 94/355 (26.5) | 1.12 | 0.80–1.56 | 0.50 |
Highest education level | ||||
Primary | 89/347 (25.7) | 1.00 | ||
Secondary or higher | 79/323 (24.5) | 0.94 | 0.66–1.33 | 0.72 |
Employment | ||||
Unemployed | 13/44 (29.6) | 1.00 | ||
Employed | 162/645 (25.1) | 0.80 | 0.41–1.55 | 0.51 |
Monthly income excluding the unemployed (Baht, median ) | ||||
≤ 6000 | 72/326 (22.1) | 1.00 | ||
> 6000 | 81/297 (27.3) | 1.32 | 0.92–1.91 | 0.13 |
Type of offense | ||||
Narcotic-related | 82/298 (27.5) | 1.00 | ||
Others | 93/391 (23.8) | 0.82 | 0.58–1.16 | 0.26 |
Term of sentence (years, median ) | ||||
≤ 18 | 45/150 (30.0) | 1.00 | ||
> 18 | 44/148 (29.7) | 1.00 | 0.60–1.62 | 0.96 |
Duration of sentence already served (years, median) | ||||
≤ 5 | 59/185 (31.9) | 1.00 | ||
>5 | 30/111 (27.0) | 0.79 | 0.47–1.33 | 0.78 |
Blood-related risk | ||||
History of heroin injection | ||||
- Never | 13/338 (3.9) | 1.00 | ||
- Before incarceration only | 20/83 (24.1) | 7.94 | 3.80–16.58 | <0.001 |
- Continued into incarceration | 99/188 (52.7) | 27.81 | 15.00–51.48 | <0.001 |
- Initiated during incarceration | 43/80 (53.8) | 29.05 | 14.42–58.49 | <0.001 |
Urine opiate test | ||||
Non-reactive | 117/611 (19.2) | 1.00 | ||
Reactive | 58/78 (74.4) | 12.24 | 7.12–21.05 | <0.001 |
Ever attending withdrawal clinic | ||||
Never | 109/578 (18.9) | 1.00 | ||
Ever | 66/111 (59.5) | 6.31 | 4.10–9.71 | <0.001 |
Tattooing | ||||
- Never | 17/228 (7.5) | 1.00 | ||
- Before incarceration only | 34/127 (26.8) | 4.54 | 2.43–8.47 | <0.001 |
- Continued into incarceration | 62/166 (37.4) | 7.40 | 4.14–13.21 | <0.001 |
- Initiated during incarceration | 62/168 (36.9) | 7.26 | 4.06–13.00 | <0.001 |
Sharing razor blades | ||||
Never | 27/150 (18.0) | Referent | ||
Ever | 139/538 (25.8) | 1.72 | 1.09–2.72 | 0.019 |
Receiving blood transfusion | ||||
Never | 162/635 (25.5) | Referent | ||
Ever | 13/54 (24.1) | 0.93 | 0.49–1.76 | 0.816 |
Risk factors among 351 injectors only | ||||
Sharing injection paraphernalia | ||||
No | 5/19 (26.32) | Referent | ||
Yes | 157/332 (47.29) | 2.51 | 0.92–6.85 | 0.074 |
Injection scars | ||||
No | 59/190 (31.05) | Referent | ||
Yes | 103/161 (63.98) | 3.94 | 2.53–6.15 | <0.001 |
Injection duration (years, median) | ||||
≤ 7 | 73/207 (35.27) | Referent | ||
>7 | 89/144 (61.81) | 2.97 | 1.91–4.61 | <0.001 |
Sexual risks | ||||
Visiting prostitute before incarceration | ||||
Never | 39/128 (30.5) | Referent | ||
Ever | 136/561 (24.2) | 0.73 | 0.48–1.11 | 0.144 |
Sex with non-wife women | ||||
Never | 44/143 (30.8) | Referent | ||
Ever | 131/546 (24.0) | 0.71 | 0.47–1.06 | 0.098 |
Unprotected sex (sex without condom) | ||||
Never | 14/20 (70.0) | Referent | ||
Ever | 161/669 (24.1) | 0.14 | 0.05–0.35 | <0.001 |
Sex with men | ||||
- Never | 123/506 (24.3) | Referent | ||
- Before incarceration only | 13/40 (32.5) | 1.50 | 0.76–2.97 | 0.249 |
- Continued into incarceration | 20/64 (31.2) | 1.42 | 0.81–2.48 | 0.228 |
- Initiated during incarceration | 19/79 (24.0) | 0.99 | 0.57–1.71 | 0.960 |
Having sexually transmitted diseases | ||||
Never | 102/393 (26.0) | Referent | ||
Ever | 73/296 (24.7) | 0.93 | 0.66–1.32 | 0.700 |