Table 2 Clinical manifestations of tuberculosis in children [53–72]

Lungs and airways

Pneumonia, cavitary lesions, wheezing, laryngeal involvement

Lymph nodes

Enlargement of mediastinal, cervical, submandibular, supraclavicular, preauricular, submental and abdominal lymph nodes

Central nervous system

Meningitis, tuberculoma

Bones and skeletal muscles

Pott’s disease, arthritis, cystic of bone, abscess of skeletal muscles

Less common

Abdomen

Pneumatosis intestinalis, peritonitis, liver and splenic abscess, enterolithiasis, intestinal perforation

Genitourinary tract

Scrotum inflammation, hydrocele, calyceal destruction, ureteral strictures, small-capacity bladder, hydronephrosis, kidney calcification

Heart and vessels

Intracardiac tuberculoma, pseudoaneurysms

Oral cavity

Enlargement of the tonsils, rethropharyngeal abscess, granulomatous cheilitis

Eyes

Uveitis, episcleritis, optic neuritis, orbital tuberculoma

Skin

Scrofuloderma lesions, lupus vulgaris, tuberculosis verrucosa cutis