Superior antigen-specific CD4+T-cell response with AS03-adjuvantation of a trivalent influenza vaccine in a randomised trial of adults aged 65 and older

Table 2 Influenza-specific CD4+ T-cell responses to vaccination

Day	CD4⁺T cells^aproducing at least two different markers (CD40L, IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ) / 10⁶CD4⁺T cells
Day	Adjusted geometric mean^b(90% CI; N)
	TIV/AS03(≥65)	TIV(≥65)	TIV(18–40)
21	3634 (3134–4214; N = 62)	2222 (1954–2527; N = 58)	2683 (2425–2969; N = 43)
42	2873 (2523–3271; N = 61)	1688 (1523–1871; N = 60)	2217 (2001–2457; N = 44)
180	2234 (2011–2482; N = 60)	1601 (1443–1776; N = 60)	2265 (2108–2433; N = 42)
	Ratio (90% CI; p -value)
	TIV/AS03(≥65), TIV(≥65)		TIV/AS03(≥65), TIV(18–40)
21	1.64 (1.35–1.99; p < 0.001)^c		1.35 (1.13–1.62; p = 0.006)^d
42	1.70 (1.44–2.00; p < 0.001)		1.30 (1.10–1.53; p = 0.011)
180	1.40 (1.21–1.61; p < 0.001)		0.99 (0.87–1.12; p = 0.860)

^aAfter in vitro stimulation with split vaccine antigens from all three (pooled) strains.
^bNote that in the ANCOVA model, only the CD4⁺ T-cell frequency post-vaccination was considered as a dependent variable. The pre-vaccination CD4⁺ T-cell frequency was considered as a covariate in the calculation of the adjusted geometric means.
^cPrimary study objective.
^dSecondary study objective. TIV/AS03: AS03-adjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccine.

ISSN: 1471-2334