Table 4 Main effects (time) and significant predictors for changes over time (within-subjects effects) in Plasmodium parasitaemia, clinical, physical and cognitive outcomes after deworming from population-averaged GEE and random effects tobit analysis
Model by outcome | Predictor | Change |
|---|---|---|
Logistic models (binary outcomes) | OR (95% CI) | |
Cognition † | ||
Change in low performance in digit span test | Time | 0.27 (0.16, 0.46)* |
Negative binomial model (count data) | Predictor | IRR (95% CI) |
Plasmodium parasitaemia | Time | 0.84 (0.55, 1.29) |
S. mansoni | 6.37 (1.94, 20.88) | |
Hookworm | 0.19 (0.05, 0.79) | |
Anaemia status (no longer anaemic) | 0.18 (0.07, 0.51) | |
Linear models (continuous outcomes) | Predictor | Coefficient (95% CI) |
Clinical status § | ||
Change in Hb level (g/l) | Time | 0.76 (−2.91, 4.43) |
Plasmodium parasitaemia (1,000+) | 5.16 (0.87, 9.44) | |
Change in H/A Z-score (stunting) | Time | −0.19 (−0.32, −0.06)* |
Age group (10–14 years) | 0.14 (0.02, 0.26) | |
Change in BMI/A Z-score (wasting) | Time | 0.30 (−0.01, 0.60) |
Weight gain (kg) | Time | 0.88 (0.31, 1.45)* |
Sex (female) | 0.73 (0.07, 1.39) | |
S. mansoni intensity (++/+++) | 1.06 (0.19, 1.92) | |
Physical fitness § | ||
Change in VO2 max (ml kg−1 min−1) | Time | 1.01 (−0.31, 2.33) |
Sex (female) | −1.40 (−2.56, −0.24) | |
S. mansoni intensity (+) | −1.58 (−2.99, −0.16) | |
Stunting severity (↑) | −2.65 (−4.52, −0.79) | |
Change in hand grip strength (kg) | Time | 1.45 (0.71, 2.18)* |
Anaemia status (new anaemia case) | −1.59 (−3.05, −0.13) | |
Change in standing broad jump (cm) | Time | 13.84 (10.67, 17.01)* |
Anaemia status (constantly anaemic) | −5.71 (−11.42, −0.00) | |
Tobit model (censored count data) | Predictor | Coefficient (95% CI) |
Cognition † | ||
Change in code transmission score | Time | −0.87 (−2.25, 0.50) |
Sex (female) | 2.07 (0.73, 3.41) | |
Helminth infection intensity (+) | 2.02 (0.52, 3.52) |