Cholera outbreaks (2012) in three districts of Nepal reveal clonal transmission of multi-drug resistant Vibrio choleraeO1

Table 1 Phenotypic, genotypic and drug resistance properties of V . cholerae O1 isolated in Nepal (n = 28), 2012

Country	District	Year of isolation	No. of isolates	Source	Serotype	*wbe*O1	Phenotypic properties				Genetic screening by PCR							Resistance profile	*sxt*
							Sensitivity				Genetic screening by PCR
							CCA	PMB (50U)	CL -specific phage IV	El Tor -specific phage v	*ctxA*	*tcpA type*	*ctxB* ^a *genotype*	*rstR type*	*rtxC*	*rstC*	*tlc*
Nepal	Doti	2012	9	Clin	Ogawa	+	+	R	R	S	+	ET	B7	ET	+	+	+	SXT, NA, S	+
	Kathmandu	2012	6	Env	Ogawa	+	+	R	R	S	+	ET	B7	ET	+	+	+	SXT, NA, S	+
	Kathmandu	2012	12	Clin	Ogawa	+	+	R	R	S	+	ET	B7	ET	+	+	+	SXT, NA, S	+
	Bajhang	2012	1	Clin	Ogawa	+	+	R	R	S	+	ET	B7	ET	+	+	+	SXT, NA, S	+
India		1965	O395	Clin	Ogawa	+	-	S	S	R	+	CL	B1	CL	-	-	+
Bangladesh		1971	N16961	Clin	Inaba	+	+	R	R	S	+	ET	B3	ET	+	+	+

^aDetermined by double mismatch amplification mutation assay (DMAMA) PCR (Naha et al., [33]); Clin, clinical; Env, environmental; PMB, polymyxin B; R, resistant; s, sensitive; ET, El Tor; CL, classical; CCA, chicken cell agglutination SXT, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; NA, Nalidixic Acid; S, Streptomycin.

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