Invasive candidiasis in low birth weight preterm infants: risk factors, clinical course and outcome in a prospective multicenter study of cases and their matched controls

Table 5 Demographic and neurodevelopmental characteristics of survivors at follow-up

Characteristics frequency (%) or mean ± SD, where relevant	Cases	Controls	Univariate odds ratios^a	P value
Characteristics frequency (%) or mean ± SD, where relevant	N = 25	N = 76	[95% CI]	P value
Corrected age at final follow-up (months)	20.4 ± 2.9	20.5 ± 3.5		0.94
Males	19 (76)	51 (67)	1.55 [0.55-4.37]	0.46
Gestational age (weeks)	25.4 ± 1.2	25.3 ± 1.5		0.77
Birth weight (g)	763 ± 151	785 ± 150		0.53
Any hearing deficit^b	7 (28)	13 (18)	1.82 [0.63-5.26]	0.26
Deafness	7 (28)	5 (7)	5.37 [1.52-18.91]	0.01
Visual impairment	6 (24)	20 (26)	0.88 [0.31-4.53]	1.00
Blindness	1 (4)	1 (3)	3.08 [0.04- 248.49]	0.44
Severe CP	2 (8)	3 (4)	2.12 [0.33-13.45]	0.60
Moderate or severe CP	6 (24)	6 (8)	3.63 [0.86-15.33]	0.067
Mean PDI^c	80.5 ± 17.9	82.0 ± 16.7		0.74
[Median (range)]	[83.5 (49–107)]	[84.5 (49–107)]		[0.71]
Mean MDI^c	76.7 ± 20.5	82.1 ± 19.0		0.89
[Median (range)]	[72 (49–111)]	[81 (49–133)]		[0.23]
BSID-II <2 SD	13/23 (57)	23/70 (33)	2.66 [1.01-6.96]	0.044
NDI^d	15/25 (60)	25/76 (33)	3.06 [1.20-7.77]	0.017

^aOdds ratios were determined analysing the surviving cohort as unmatched cases and controls to maximize sample size and allow multivariable analysis of NDI.
^bDeafness or hearing impairment.
^cMDI and PDI Scores that were <50 were assigned a value of 49 to allow determination of means and medians.
^dRestricting analysis to only matched pairs, using conditional logistic regression, cases were still more likely to develop NDI than their matched controls (10/19 (53%) cases versus 11/38 (29%) controls; OR = 4.81 [1.32-17.56].

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