Table 2 Demographic and perinatal features in cases and controls
Features number (%) or mean ± SD or median (range) unless otherwise stated | All cases | All controls | Significance P value | Non-congenital cases | Non-congenital controls | Significance P value from matched analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 49 | N = 90 | N = 34 | N = 62 | |||
Singleton | 35 (71) | 71 (79) | 0.32 | 26 (77) | 50 (81) | 0.63 |
Vaginal delivery | 29/49 (59) | 50/89 (56) | 0.73 | 16 (47) | 31 (51) | 0.72 |
Male | 32 (65) | 59 (66) | 0.97 | 25 (74) | 45 (73) | 0.92 |
White | 21/44 (48) | 52/87 (60) | 0.56 | 15/31 (48) | 33/59 (56) | 0.86 |
Black | 7 (16) | 13 (15) | 1.00 | 5 (16) | 10 (17.0) | 0.99 |
Hispanic | 4 (9) | 5 (6) | 0.92 | 3 (10) | 5 (8) | 0.97 |
Other | 12 (27) | 17 (19) | 0.60 | 8 (26) | 11 (19) | 0.63 |
Mean birth weight (g) | 748 ± 159 | 755 ± 146 | 0.80 | 790 ± 162 | 792 ± 151 | 0.93 |
Mean head circumference at birth (cm) | 22.9 ± 1.6 | 23.3 ± 1.9 | 0.33 | 23.5 ± 1.6 | 23.5 ± 1.3 | 0.93 |
Mean length at birth (cm) | 32.1 ± 2.2 | 32.9 ± 2.7 | 0.14 | 32.5 ± 2.3 | 33.0 ± 2.4 | 0.37 |
Median gestational age (weeks) | 25 (23–30) | 25.5 (23–30) | 0.73 | 25.5 (23–30) | 25.5 (23–30) | 0.70 |
Respiratory distress syndrome | 41 (84) | 83 (92) | 0.35 | 26 (77) | 56 (90) | 0.23 |
Gastrointestinal disorders other than NECa | 2 (4) | 1 (1) | 0.23 | 2 (6) | 1 (2) | 0.26 |
NEC | 12 (24) | 8 (9) | 0.008 | 12 (35) | 6 (10) | 0.01 |
PDA or other congenital heart diseaseb | 37 (76) | 63 (70) | 0.67 | 27 (80) | 42 (68) | 0.25 |
Intrauterine growth retardation | 3 (6) | 4 (4) | 1.00 | 3 (9) | 4 (6) | 1.00 |
Median age at enrolment (days) | 14 (1–84) | 14 (0–84) | 1.00 | 20 (9–84) | 16 (3–84) | 0.89 |
Median time from admission to death or discharge) (days) | 71 (3–492) | 89 (1–165) | 0.54 | 91 (3–492) | 79 (1–142) | 0.09 |