Difference in immune response in vaccinated and unvaccinated Swedish individuals after the 2009 influenza pandemic

Table 6 Mean values of A/H1N1/California/7/2009-specific Abs and IFN-γ production in study participants who tested positive for H1N1 or coronavirus

	H1N1 positives					Corona positives					HC^B	HC^C
	A	B	C	AB¹	AC¹	A	B	C	AB¹	AC¹	p
	SRH (mm²), geometric mean			*p-value*		SRH (mm²), geometric mean			p-value
A/H1N1/California	16.1	46.9	30.6	*<0.001*	*0.003*	21.1	29.8	24.3	0.2	0.4	*<0.001*	*0.001*
	IFN-γ (pg/mL)
A/H1N1/Brisbane	90	460	274	*<0.001*	*0.01*	156	227	159	0.6	0.2	*<0.001*	*0.01*
A/H1N1/Solomon	104	416	272	*<0.001*	*0.01*	124	212	159	0.2	0.2	*<0.01*	*0.03*
A/H3N2/Uruguay	125	420	292	*<0.001*	0.09	222	224	244	0.8	0.4	*<0.001*	0.09
A/H3N2/Wisconsin	137	408	298	*<0.001*	*0.02*	212	236	242	0.5	0.4	*0.001*	*0.04*
A/H5N1/Vietnam	316	546	392	*<0.01*	0.3	355	394	367	0.7	0.8	*<0.01*	0.3
B/Florida	218	307	327	0.24	0.2	216	370	240	0.08	0.7	0.4	0.1
B/Malaysia	173	260	251	0.06	0.25	160	249	177	0.2	0.5	0.7	0.11
M1	34	127	48	*<0.01*	0.08	18	24	25	0.04	0.15	0.07	0.25
M2	19	18	19	0.3	0.9	18	18	18	0.9	0.9	0.4	0.9
CFP-10	19	25	18	0.9	0.3	18	18	18	0.6	0.3	0.9	0.7
PHA	502	535	588	0.9	0.08	524	589	544	0.1	0.5	0.2	0.25
Mean IFN-γ diff.	148	265	233			173	220	189
N	21	21	21			38	15	38

The Wilcoxon-Mann–Whitney rank-sum test was used to calculate the p-values. AB¹: difference between time point A and B; AC¹: difference between time point A and C; HC^B: difference between pdmH1N1 positive and coronavirus positive at time point B. HC^C difference between pdmH1N1 positive and coronavirus positive at time point C. Note the strong immune responses at time point B in participants with pdmH1N1 infection; this response was reduced at the end of the study (time point C). P values below 0.05 are indicated in bold.

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